Research Topics
Genomes and Genes | Peter HensonSummaryAffiliation: National Jewish Medical and Research Center Country: USA Publications
| Collaborators
|
Detail Information
Publications
C1q and mannose binding lectin engagement of cell surface calreticulin and CD91 initiates macropinocytosis and uptake of apoptotic cellsC A Ogden
Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
J Exp Med 194:781-95. 2001....
The phosphatidylserine receptor: a crucial molecular switch?P M Henson
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:627-33. 2001..Clearance of apoptotic cells, by contrast, does not induce either inflammation or immunity. Could the phosphatidylserine receptor be the molecular switch that determines what the outcome will be?..- Dampening inflammationPeter M Henson
Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver Colorado 80206, USA
Nat Immunol 6:1179-81. 2005..This balance and its possible manipulation is a second theme running through the reviews... - Apoptotic cell removal in development and tissue homeostasisPeter M Henson
Program in Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80231, USA
Trends Immunol 27:244-50. 2006.... 
State of the art. Apoptosis and cell homeostasis in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasePeter M Henson
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver CO 80206, USA
Proc Am Thorac Soc 3:512-6. 2006- Cell death, remodeling, and repair in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?Peter M Henson
National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
Proc Am Thorac Soc 3:713-7. 2006..The concept puts emphasis on defective repair as well as initial injury (i.e., persistent alteration of dynamic tissue homeostasis, as a key contributor to COPD), with, it is hoped, additional approaches for mitigation... - Engulfment: ingestion and migration with Rac, Rho and TRIOPeter M Henson
National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
Curr Biol 15:R29-30. 2005..A study now identifies upstream components of this pathway in both worms and mammalian cells involving yet another GTPase, RhoG/MIG-2, and its activator TRIO/UNC-73... 
Apoptosis in the lung: induction, clearance and detectionP M Henson
Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294:L601-11. 2008..Because recognition of apoptotic cells by other lung cells has additional effects on inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair, local responses to the dying cells may also have important consequences in addition to the cell death itself...- Suppression of macrophage inflammatory responses by PPARsPeter Henson
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80231, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:6295-6. 2003 - Apoptotic cell removalP M Henson
Program in Cell Biology and Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
Curr Biol 11:R795-805. 2001..Removal may also clinch the apoptotic process itself in cells not yet completely committed to death... - By binding SIRPalpha or calreticulin/CD91, lung collectins act as dual function surveillance molecules to suppress or enhance inflammationShyra J Gardai
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
Cell 115:13-23. 2003..However, interaction of these heads with PAMPs on foreign organisms or damaged cells and presentation of the collagenous tails in an aggregated state to calreticulin/CD91, stimulates phagocytosis and proinflammatory responses... - Lovastatin enhances clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) with implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseKonosuke Morimoto
COPD Center, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, 80262, USA
J Immunol 176:7657-65. 2006..These findings indicate that statins enhance efferocytosis in vitro and in vivo, and suggest that they may play an important therapeutic role in diseases where efferocytosis is impaired and inflammation is dysregulated... - Impaired apoptotic cell clearance in CGD due to altered macrophage programming is reversed by phosphatidylserine-dependent production of IL-4Ruby F Fernandez-Boyanapalli
Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
Blood 113:2047-55. 2009.... - Cell-surface calreticulin initiates clearance of viable or apoptotic cells through trans-activation of LRP on the phagocyteShyra J Gardai
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
Cell 123:321-34. 2005.... - TNFalpha inhibits apoptotic cell clearance in the lung, exacerbating acute inflammationValeria M Borges
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 297:L586-95. 2009..These findings suggest that the presence of TNFalpha in the lung can alter the response of phagocytes to apoptotic cells leading to inflammatory cell recruitment and proinflammatory mediator production... - Cross-talk between ERK and p38 MAPK mediates selective suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by transforming growth factor-betaYi Qun Xiao
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
J Biol Chem 277:14884-93. 2002..Our data provide evidence that TGF-beta selectively inhibits inflammatory cytokine production through cross-talk between MAPKs... - Interaction between phosphatidylserine and the phosphatidylserine receptor inhibits immune responses in vivoPeter R Hoffmann
Department of Pediatrics, Program in Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
J Immunol 174:1393-404. 2005.... - Oxidants inhibit ERK/MAPK and prevent its ability to delay neutrophil apoptosis downstream of mitochondrial changes and at the level of XIAPShyra J Gardai
Program in Cell Biology, The Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
J Biol Chem 279:44695-703. 2004..Our data suggest that ERK suppresses stress-induced apoptosis downstream of mitochondrial alterations by maintaining XIAP levels and that oxidants block this effect through activation of p38 and protein phosphatases... - Oxidants selectively reverse TGF-beta suppression of proinflammatory mediator productionYi Qun Xiao
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
J Immunol 176:1209-17. 2006..This was mediated through Src tyrosine kinases and protein phosphatase-1/2A. By contrast, hydrogen peroxide had no effects on TGF-beta-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and SBE-luc reporter gene transcription... - Surfactant proteins A and D suppress alveolar macrophage phagocytosis via interaction with SIRP alphaWilliam J Janssen
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, K729, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178:158-67. 2008..Surfactant protein (SP)-A and SP-D are potent modulators of macrophage function and may suppress clearance of apoptotic cells through activation of the transmembrane receptor signal inhibitory regulatory protein alpha (SIRP alpha)... - Impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages in chronic granulomatous disease is reversed by IFN-γ in a nitric oxide-dependent mannerRuby Fernandez-Boyanapalli
National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
J Immunol 185:4030-41. 2010..These data support the hypothesis that in addition to correcting immunodeficiency in CGD, IFN-γ priming of Ms restores clearance of apoptotic cells and may thereby contribute to resolution of exaggerated CGD inflammation... - Development and characterization of a lung-protective method of bone marrow transplantation in the mouseWilliam J Janssen
Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO, USA
J Immunol Methods 357:1-9. 2010..This system may be applicable to other organ systems in which protection from radiation during bone marrow transplantation is desired... - Differentiation of the mammary epithelial cell during involution: implications for breast cancerJenifer Monks
Webb Waring Center, University of Colorado, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 14:159-70. 2009..And with the finding that involution may represent a unique susceptibility window for the progression of metastatic breast cancer, we may suggest areas for future research along these lines as well... - Apoptotic cell recognition: will the real phosphatidylserine receptor(s) please stand up?Donna L Bratton
Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
Curr Biol 18:R76-9. 2008..Insight into the recognition of this phospholipid signal by phagocytes is provided by papers describing three new, but completely different, PS receptors... - NADPH oxidase-dependent generation of lysophosphatidylserine enhances clearance of activated and dying neutrophils via G2AS Courtney Frasch
Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
J Biol Chem 283:33736-49. 2008.... - Lysophospholipids of different classes mobilize neutrophil secretory vesicles and induce redundant signaling through G2AS Courtney Frasch
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
J Immunol 178:6540-8. 2007..Together, these data show that lyso-PLs bearing various head groups redundantly mobilize G2A latent within secretory vesicles and result in G2A receptor/Galphai/phospholipase C signaling for calcium flux in neutrophils... - Elastase-mediated phosphatidylserine receptor cleavage impairs apoptotic cell clearance in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasisR William Vandivier
Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
J Clin Invest 109:661-70. 2002..Therefore, defective airway clearance of apoptotic cells in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis may be due to elastase-mediated cleavage of phosphatidylserine receptor on phagocytes and may contribute to ongoing airway inflammation... - Phosphatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-beta1 secretion and the resolution of inflammationMai Lan N Huynh
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
J Clin Invest 109:41-50. 2002..In conclusion, apoptotic cell recognition and clearance, via exposure of PS and ligation of its receptor, induce TGF-beta1 secretion, resulting in accelerated resolution of inflammation... - Phospholipid flip-flop and phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) co-localize to uropod rafts in formylated Met-Leu-Phe-stimulated neutrophilsS Courtney Frasch
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell Biology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
J Biol Chem 279:17625-33. 2004..Of note, PS exposure, phospholipid uptake, and FM 1-43 staining also localized to the uropod following stimulation demonstrating that both PLSCR1 and phospholipid flip-flop characterize this specialized domain of polarized neutrophils... - Impaired clearance of apoptotic cells from cystic fibrosis airwaysR William Vandivier
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
Chest 121:89S. 2002 - The final step in programmed cell death: phagocytes carry apoptotic cells to the graveAimee M DeCathelineau
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, U.S.A
Essays Biochem 39:105-17. 2003.... - Selective suppression of neutrophil accumulation in ongoing pulmonary inflammation by systemic inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinaseJerry A Nick
Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
J Immunol 169:5260-9. 2002..These findings support the feasibility of p38 MAPK inhibition as a selective intervention to reduce neutrophilic inflammation... - Apoptosis: giving phosphatidylserine recognition an assist--with a twistValerie A Fadok
Program in Cell Biology, Dept. Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, D509, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
Curr Biol 13:R655-7. 2003 - Burying the dead: the impact of failed apoptotic cell removal (efferocytosis) on chronic inflammatory lung diseaseR William Vandivier
University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center, COPD Center, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 4200 E Ninth Ave, Box C272, Denver, CO 80220, USA
Chest 129:1673-82. 2006..The recognition of impaired efferocytosis as a contributor to chronic inflammation may ultimately direct us toward the identification of new disease biomarkers, as well as novel therapeutic approaches... - Activation of SHIP by NADPH oxidase-stimulated Lyn leads to enhanced apoptosis in neutrophilsShyra Gardai
Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
J Biol Chem 277:5236-46. 2002..Thus, we propose a role for oxidants and Lyn in SHIP regulation and suggest a novel mechanism for regulating neutrophil apoptosis... - Transcriptional and translational regulation of TGF-beta production in response to apoptotic cellsYi Qun Xiao
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
J Immunol 181:3575-85. 2008..Strikingly, these induction pathways for TGF-beta production were different from those initiated in the same cells responding to LPS or PMA... - Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) promotes macrophage survival following exposure to oxidative stressAdil Anwar
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
J Leukoc Biol 86:73-9. 2009..These data represent the first report of Mer activation in response to oxidative stress and demonstrate the ability of Mer RTK to promote macrophage survival in disease states that involve an oxidative stress environment... - Life after corpse engulfment: phagocytosis of apoptotic cells leads to VEGF secretion and cell growthHeiko A Golpon
Pulmonary Hypertension Center, University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
FASEB J 18:1716-8. 2004..We conclude that phagocytosis of apoptotic cells leads to secretion of growth and survival factors by phagocytes that represents a new form of life-promoting cell-cell interaction... - Simultaneous LFA-1 and CD40 ligand antagonism prevents airway remodeling in orthotopic airway transplantation: implications for the role of respiratory epithelium as a modulator of fibrosisTomohiro Murakawa
Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
J Immunol 174:3869-79. 2005..Therefore, there appears to be an intimate relationship between the morphology and level of chimerism of the respiratory epithelium and the degree of airway remodeling following alloimmune injury... - Possible roles for apoptosis and apoptotic cell recognition in inflammation and fibrosisPeter M Henson
Program in Cell Biology Department of Pediatric, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 29:S70-6. 2003 - TNF-alpha inhibits macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells via cytosolic phospholipase A2 and oxidant-dependent mechanismsKathleen McPhillips
Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
J Immunol 178:8117-26. 2007..Overall, the data suggest that macrophages in a TNF-alpha- and oxidant-rich inflammatory environment are less able to remove apoptotic cells and, thereby, may contribute to the local intensity of the inflammatory response... - Epithelial cells remove apoptotic epithelial cells during post-lactation involution of the mouse mammary glandJenifer Monks
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
Biol Reprod 78:586-94. 2008..Macrophages and other inflammatory cells did not contribute to the clearance of either residual milk or apoptotic cells, which appeared to be due entirely to the epithelium itself... - Oxidant-mediated mitochondrial injury in eosinophil apoptosis: enhancement by glucocorticoids and inhibition by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factorShyra J Gardai
Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
J Immunol 170:556-66. 2003..These data demonstrate that oxidant-induced mitochondrial injury is pivotal in eosinophil apoptosis, and is enhanced by GC-induced prolonged JNK activation that is in turn inhibited by GM-CSF... - A soluble form of the Mer receptor tyrosine kinase inhibits macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells and platelet aggregationSusan Sather
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver, and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
Blood 109:1026-33. 2007..Furthermore, soluble Mer decreased platelet aggregation in vitro and prevented fatal collagen/epinephrine-induced thromboembolism in mice, suggesting a potential therapeutic use for soluble Mer in the treatment of clotting disorders... - Statins enhance clearance of apoptotic cells through modulation of Rho-GTPasesKonosuke Morimoto
Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Ave, C272, Denver, 80220, USA
Proc Am Thorac Soc 3:516-7. 2006 - Phosphorylation of Bax Ser184 by Akt regulates its activity and apoptosis in neutrophilsShyra J Gardai
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
J Biol Chem 279:21085-95. 2004.... - Differential regulation of phagosome maturation in macrophages and dendritic cells mediated by Rho GTPases and ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteinsLars Peter Erwig
Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:12825-30. 2006..These observations have direct implications for the clearance of dying cells and the roles played by different phagocytes in antigen digestion and presentation... - Fibroblast foci are not discrete sites of lung injury or repair: the fibroblast reticulumCarlyne D Cool
Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; and Interstitial Lung Disease Program, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:654-8. 2006..CONCLUSIONS: The fibroblast foci of UIP are the leading edge of a complex reticulum that is highly interconnected and extends from the pleura into the underlying parenchyma. It is a reactive, rather than a malignant, process... - Microvascular destruction identifies murine allografts that cannot be rescued from airway fibrosisAshok N Babu
Department of Surgery, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
J Clin Invest 117:3774-85. 2007..One implication of this study is that bronchial artery revascularization at the time of lung transplantation may decrease the risk of subsequent airway fibrosis... - Recognition ligands on apoptotic cells: a perspectiveShyra J Gardai
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
J Leukoc Biol 79:896-903. 2006..Loss or inactivation of the don't eat me CD47 effects accompanies apoptosis and now allow the cells to be recognized and cleared... - Immunological consequences of apoptotic cell phagocytosisLars Peter Erwig
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
Am J Pathol 171:2-8. 2007..Here, we will outline the consequences of apoptotic cell phagocytosis and illustrate how apoptotic cells could be used to manipulate the immune response for therapeutic gain... - Role of the CXCR4/SDF-1 chemokine axis in circulating neutrophil homeostasisBenjamin T Suratt
University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
Blood 104:565-71. 2004.... - ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 enhances phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and associated ERK signaling in macrophagesAndreas W Jehle
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
J Cell Biol 174:547-56. 2006..These studies reveal a major role of ABCA7 and not -A1 in the clearance of apoptotic cells and therefore suggest that ABCA7 is an authentic orthologue of CED-7... - Resolution of lung inflammation by CD44Priit Teder
Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
Science 296:155-8. 2002..This phenotype was partially reversed by reconstitution with CD44+ cells, thus demonstrating a critical role for this receptor in resolving lung inflammation... - Collectins: opsonins for apoptotic cells and regulators of inflammationLynda M Stuart
Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
Curr Dir Autoimmun 9:143-61. 2006..Here will discuss our current understanding of the process of collectin recognition of dying and damaged cells and its implications for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases... - Role of surfactant proteins A, D, and C1q in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo and in vitro: calreticulin and CD91 as a common collectin receptor complexR William Vandivier
Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, nd Denver, CO, USA
J Immunol 169:3978-86. 2002.... - The matrix degrades, neutrophils invadePeter M Henson
Nat Med 12:280-1. 2006 - Hemophagocytic macrophages harbor Salmonella enterica during persistent infectionRebecca N Nix
Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
PLoS Pathog 3:e193. 2007..These data suggest that during persistent infection hemophagocytic macrophages may provide S. Typhimurium with a survival niche... - The apoptotic-cell receptor CR3, but not alphavbeta5, is a regulator of human dendritic-cell immunostimulatory functionMojca Skoberne
New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, MSB 507, New York, NY 10016, USA
Blood 108:947-55. 2006..This immunomodulatory role, however, is countered by a significant inflammatory stimulus such as bacterial infection. Overall, our data suggest that under steady-state conditions, signaling via CRs predominates to render DCs tolerogenic... - Il-4-induced lipid mediators class switching in human normal mononuclear phagocytesAngelo Sala
Dipartimento di Scienze Famacologiche and Center for Cardiopulmonary Pharmacology, , Milan, Italy
Adv Exp Med Biol 525:15-8. 2003 - Leukotriene B4 production in human mononuclear phagocytes is modulated by interleukin-4-induced 15-lipoxygenaseMirella Profita
Istituto di Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 300:868-75. 2002..Whereas this effect did not reflect changes in 5-LO and FLAP mRNA expression, synthetic 15(S)-HETE was able to significantly inhibit the synthesis of LTB4, without affecting AA release... - Apoptosis and emphysema: the missing linkRubin M Tuder
Division of Cardiopulmonary Pathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 28:551-4. 2003 - Interaction of CED-6/GULP, an adapter protein involved in engulfment of apoptotic cells with CED-1 and CD91/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)Hua Poo Su
Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research and the Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
J Biol Chem 277:11772-9. 2002..These studies suggest a physical link between CED-1 or CD91/LRP and the adapter protein CED-6/GULP during engulfment of apoptotic cells and further elucidate the pathway suggested by the genetic studies... - Apoptotic cells, through transforming growth factor-beta, coordinately induce anti-inflammatory and suppress pro-inflammatory eicosanoid and NO synthesis in murine macrophagesCelio G Freire-de-Lima
, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21944-970, Brazil
J Biol Chem 281:38376-84. 2006..These results strongly suggest that the apoptotic cell inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production is pleiotropic and significantly dependent on the stimulation of TGF-beta production...