J J Goedert

..abstract:..

..To estimate the impact of highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the incidence and prognosis of Hodgkin lymphoma among people with human immunodeficiency virus infection or AIDS (PWHA)...

..While whole-genome sequencing is the most complete, it remains sufficiently expensive that cost effective alternatives are important...

..10%, respectively). Due to the increasing proportion, consistently lower CD4 counts, and more advanced HIV disease in adults ≥50-year-old at first presentation for HIV care, renewed HIV testing efforts are needed...

..To clarify the immunological alterations leading to classical Kaposi sarcoma (cKS) among people infected with KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)...

..Nicotine might be effective against KS because of its immunologic and vascular effects and because smoking is associated with a low risk of KS...

..Thus, among women with breast cancer, we found no MMTV-specific antibodies. The upper 95% confidence limit implies that MMTV seroprevalence among breast cancer patients does not exceed 3%...

..8-5.6) with HCV genotype 1. Understanding the discordance between HCV load and ESLD, despite HIV's link to each of these, may help clarify the pathogenesis of HCV-related disease...

..Most (72%) participants had received no anti-HCV therapy. Hepatic and haematological conditions are likely to increase during the coming years unless most adult haemophiliacs are successfully treated for HIV, HCV or both...

..04-fold (95% CI, 1.03-1.06) per year of age. Thus, HIV is associated with a markedly increased risk of HCV-related ESLD for persons with hemophilia, particularly with HBV infection, low CD4(+) lymphocytes, or older age...

..Ecologic and in vitro studies suggest that exposures to plants or soil may influence risk of Kaposi sarcoma (KS)...

..Although all forms of KS are associated with the KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), classical KS occurs in a small fraction of KSHV-infected people. We sought to identify risk factors for classical KS in KSHV-infected individuals...

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..Although the mechanisms for these associations are unknown, if these findings are verified in other populations, anti-c100(p) and anti-c22(p) might be valuable surrogate markers for liver decompensation risk...

..Men with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reported to be at increased risk for germ cell tumors (GCT), particularly testicular seminoma. We investigated correlates of this association to improve understanding of GCTs...

..003), approaching the risk of the general population. We conclude that the cancer deficit reflected direct or indirect effects of HIV/AIDS and that anti-HIV therapy reduced these effects...

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..HIV and AIDS were not associated with HERV-K10 antibodies, thus, leaving their higher risk of testicular cancer unexplained...

..HAM/TSP risk did not differ consistently with common HLA types. Thus, ATL risk, but not HAM/TSP risk, was increased with higher prevalence HLA-B alleles. Perhaps breadth of cellular immunity affects risk of this viral leukemia/lymphoma...

..We examined subtypes of HLA-B*35 in five cohorts and analyzed the relation of structural differences between HLA-B*35 subtypes to the risk of progression to AIDS...

..For patients infected with HIV, plasma HIV viral load in early disease predicts long-term prognosis. However, the implications of viral load measurements late in HIV disease are uncertain...

..5 months). This study shows an epidemic of HHV-8 among US homosexual men in the early 1980s that was associated with a high risk of developing KS...

..These findings may help identify individuals at increased risk of HCV treatment failure and progression to end-stage liver disease...

..Also, EBV viral loads were higher in cases than in controls (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals with HIV-KSHV coinfection, KSHV viremia identifies a subgroup with extremely high risk for developing KS...

..The consistency of back-calculation and cohort data in haemophiliacs supports the use of back-calculation to estimate prevalence in other populations...

..001). However, much larger studies are needed to clearly show whether HIV/HCV coinfection significantly increases the risk of HCV transmission to female partners...

..To clarify which types of cancer result from AIDS, we compared the cancer experiences of people with AIDS with those of the general population by matching population-based cancer and AIDS registries in the USA and Puerto Rico...

..Prevalence was also high in Botswana (87% in Sans, an indigenous group, and 76% in Bantus), though Kaposi's sarcoma is not common, suggesting that additional co-factors besides HHV-8 are needed for development of Kaposi's sarcoma...

..Overall, assays performed adequately for use in most epidemiologic investigations, but wider applications will require improved tests...

..Alternatively, our findings may reflect factors protective against KS in individuals infected with HHV-8. Future research should focus on identifying practical measures for countering KS that do not increase the risk of other diseases...

..The data raise the hypothesis that noncoding variation in TSG101 affects the efficiency of TSG101-mediated release of viral particles from infected cells, thereby altering levels of plasma viral load and subsequent disease progression...

..27; P=0.01). ARG influence after HAART suggests residual HIV-1 replication, and spread continues even in patients successfully suppressing detectable viral RNA...

..77-11.6]) was also strongly associated with viral clearance. No association was found among those with hemophilia. These results suggest that IL18 promoter polymorphism may affect the outcome of HCV infection in certain groups...

..An epidemiological analysis identified genetic variants influencing HIV-1 transmission and disease progression...

..Our findings, and the previously demonstrated presence of KSHV in the histologically related primary effusion lymphoma, suggest that KSHV is involved in the pathogenesis of some immunoblastic lymphomas...

..It is not known if measurement of either TREC or 2-LTR circles will complement HIV-1 viral load as an estimation of the risk of AIDS for patients who are receiving highly effective anti-HIV therapy...

..In conclusion, those subjects had virus load trends similar to those in adults. Early virus loads were lower than those in vertically infected infants, which suggests that factors changing soon after birth affect viral replication...

..If primary B19 infection occurs after immune deficiency, however, the consequences may be more adverse...

..To identify correlates of spontaneous hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection...

..99), resistance to HIV infection (odds ratio, 0.97), or HIV disease progression (P > .05). This IL28B single-nucleotide polymorphism affects the immune response to HCV but not to HBV or HIV...

..Genetic factors may play a role in the transmission of HIV-1. Because HLA-B alleles influence HIV-1 disease progression and viral levels, they might also influence HIV-1 transmission...

..The correlation between viral load and HLA markers suggests a possible HLA effect on setting viral load levels...

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..01-0.04). These results suggest that IL10 and IL20 gene variants influence HBV infection outcome and encourage the pursuit of further studies of these cytokines in HBV pathogenesis...

..Population-based data on cancers associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children are lacking...

..The purpose of our study was to determine if the high frequency of these cancers is due to lifestyle factors associated with both HPV and HIV infections or to immunosuppression following HIV infection...

..HIV-related immunodeficiency could be important, but differences between the population developing AIDS and the general population (e. g., immigration from the Caribbean region for ATLL) might independently increase T-cell lymphoma risk...

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..The double protection of KIR3DS1/Bw4-80I in an etiologically complex disease such as AIDS, along with the disease specificity of its effects is conceptually novel and underscores the intricacy of host immunogenetics against HIV/AIDS...

..The diminished transcription of RANTES afforded by the In1.1C regulatory allele is consistent with increased HIV-1 spread in vivo, leading to accelerated progression to AIDS...

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..If HCV transmission is not perpetuated in future cohorts, focusing available resources on HB vaccination efforts could greatly ameliorate a major cause of cancer death in sub-Saharan Africa...

..49, 95% CI=0.26-0.93) among women with SLE. These findings suggest that systemic inflammation may affect breast epithelial neoplasia...

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..Thus, these data suggest that IDUs' risk of acquiring HHV-8, through needle sharing or other behaviors related to injection drug use, is low...

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..The associations with class I alleles are consistent with a previously implicated role for CD8-mediated cytolytic-T-cell response in determining the outcome of an acute HBV infection...

..4%). K8.1 seropositivity was associated with asthma (odds ratio: 6.3; 95% confidence interval: 2.4-16.9) and hay fever (3.5; 1.1-11.0), and there were borderline associations with measures of crowding and low socioeconomic status...

..In this large-scale analysis of 1426 genotyped SNPs in 112 candidate genes, we identified 4 gene regions that are likely candidates for a role in HCV clearance or persistence in both African Americans and European Americans...

..8, P = 0.004). We replicate previous findings for IL10; identify new associations with IL1, IL2 and IL12; and identify a rare FVIII haplotype in caucasians that is associated with increased inhibitor risk...

..Genes conferring a significant effect were termed HIV-dependency factors (HDFs)...

..In the United States, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is common and increases the detection of prostate cancer. We evaluated whether the prostate cancer deficit among men with AIDS reflects differential PSA screening...

..Mitochondrial pathogenesis occurs in HIV patients and genetically, mitochondrial DNA haplogroups with presumed functional differences have been associated with differential AIDS progression...

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..In Shanghai, an HBV endemic area, chronic HBV infection was associated with a 2.4-fold risk of extrahepatic bile duct cancer. These results should be confirmed in other populations with varying risks of HBV and HCV infection...

..Clearly, further studies on Y-chromosome candidate loci sequencing to discover functional variants and discern the roles of evolutionary factors are warranted...

..We estimated the annual number of cancers in the HIV-infected population, both with and without AIDS, in the United States...

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..3, CI 0.1-0.9). Other demographic and household variables were unrelated to seroprevalence. From these data, KSHV in Sicily appears to be related to low socio-economic status, but micro-endemicity in small communities cannot be excluded...

..CONCLUSION Elevated FLCs may represent sensitive markers of polyclonal B-cell activation and dysfunction and could be useful for identifying HIV-infected persons at increased NHL risk...

..These trends have led to a shift in the spectrum of cancer among HIV-infected persons...

..1, 95% CI 0.3-16.4), but marginal for women (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.5). Our findings suggest salivary and possible nosocomial HHV-8 transmission in rural Egypt...

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..Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) causes Kaposi sarcoma. In the United States, transmission routes for HHV-8 are uncertain...

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..We assessed HHV-8 seropositivity in several African countries with heterogeneous environments and varying KS incidence using a unified approach...

..Lung cancer risk was compared between PWA and the general population and its relationship with immunosuppression was assessed. The likelihood that excess risk is explained by a high prevalence of smoking was also investigated...

..05). Our findings suggest that gender differences could possibly modify the effect of FCGR3A on risk of KSHV infection and CKS. Additional studies are required to confirm these relationships and determine their etiologic significance...

..Large formal studies to evaluate whether KSHV transmission occurs via transfusion are needed to inform decisions regarding screening volunteer blood donors to protect the blood supply...

..Additional research is needed to determine whether JCV replication is decreased in individuals with NHL and whether these findings are consistent with an etiologic role for JCV in NHL...

..To examine temporal variation in the effects of CCR5-Delta32 and CCR2-64I chemokine receptor gene polymorphisms on HIV-1 disease progression...

..The presence of Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV8) DNA is predictive of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) among patients with HIV-associated or iatrogenic immunosuppression. However, correlates of HHV8-DNA detection in the general population remain undefined...

..We conclude that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is present in some immunoblastic lymphomas in persons with AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma...

..98, 95% CI: 0.48-2.88). Non-black patients were at increased risk for ESLD death (RH(adj)= 2.76, 95% CI: 1.49-10.09). In conclusion, HCV RNA level is a predictor of ESLD death among persons with chronic HCV infection...

..These data suggest an effect of HCV infection on HCC risk among adults with AIDS. On the other hand, NHL risk was not higher for groups in whom HCV infection was prevalent...

..Alternatively, the successful reduction of maternal provirus loads or maintenance of passive antibody levels in infants during breast-feeding may lower the risk of transmission...

..50, 0.22, and 0.56 log(10) higher in HIV(+)/HTLV-II(-), HIV(-)/HTLV-II(+), and HIV(+)/HTLV-II(+) subjects, respectively. HTLV-II infection significantly increased HCV load in white subjects but not in other racial groups...

..These data highlight and clarify the importance of nongenetic determinants in spontaneous recovery from HCV infection...

..Cigarette smoking has been associated with a decreased risk for AIDS-related and classical KS, but whether it is associated with decreased risk of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is unknown...

..Among KSHV-seropositive Italians, CKS risk was associated with diplotypes of IL8RB and IL13, supporting laboratory evidence of immune-mediated pathogenesis...

..To describe the occurrence and characteristics of pleural and peritoneal lymphoma in a large cohort of persons with AIDS in 11 regions in the United States...

..Detection was associated with K8.1 seropositivity, younger age, and high household density, indicating the importance of in-household person-to-person transmission, likely via saliva...

..7; 95% CI, 1.27-169). Our findings suggest that genetic modulation of carcinogen metabolism and DNA repair can alter susceptibility to HCC and that these effects may be modified by environmental factors...

..Our results indicate that EBV infection persists, with virus readily detectable in saliva and buffy coats from persons without apparent symptoms in Africa...

..The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer has been declining among persons with AIDS. We investigated the association between cancer risk and CD4 cell count among such persons...

..HTLV-II infection was not significantly associated with mortality from any cause, suggesting that it is not a significant human pathogen, even when present with HIV infection...

..001 for each) but not sIL-2Ralpha (P = 0.27). These longitudinal data indicate that a state of broad immune activation develops at or near delivery. A number of maternal variables appear to influence the magnitude of these changes...

..Evolution patterns differ for progressors and nonprogressors. Further understanding of these mechanisms may help identify factors related to progression rate and treatment response...