E A Engels

..2 and 3.2 for monoclonal and polyclonal elevations). FLC elevations are common in transplant recipients and associated with heightened PTLD risk. FLCs likely reflect B-cell dysfunction, perhaps related to EBV-driven lymphoproliferation...

..Case reports suggest that hairy cell leukemia (HCL) may be associated with autoimmune conditions, however no systematic investigations in this area have been undertaken...

..We characterized the independent and joint effects of HIV and OLD on respiratory symptoms of a cohort of inner-city IDUs...

..The peak in late adulthood deserves further study. Variation in incidence by race suggests a role for genetic factors. Our study did not demonstrate broadly increased risk for malignancies following thymoma...

..02), but dermatomyositis was absent in cases themselves. Family history of remaining conditions was unrelated to NHL. Results suggest that disordered immunity in some immune-related conditions can lead to NHL...

..We sought to characterize lung cancer incidence among HIV-infected individuals, examine whether cancer risk was related to HIV-induced immunosuppression, and assess whether the high prevalence of smoking explained elevated risk...

..We conclude that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is present in some immunoblastic lymphomas in persons with AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma...

..To clarify whether SV40 infection increases risk of these cancers or of cancers arising in children, we examined cancer incidence in three Danish birth cohorts...

..Our findings do not support a role for SV40 in lymphomagenesis among immunosuppressed persons...

..These data suggest an effect of HCV infection on HCC risk among adults with AIDS. On the other hand, NHL risk was not higher for groups in whom HCV infection was prevalent...

..The association with high-level viremia could reflect detrimental effects on immune function related to incompletely effective HAART or direct effects on B cells...

..Thymoma is a rare malignancy of unknown etiology...

..Additional research is needed to determine whether JCV replication is decreased in individuals with NHL and whether these findings are consistent with an etiologic role for JCV in NHL...

..Our study demonstrates an association between HCV infection and NHL in the United States. HCV infection may be a cause of NHL...

..The authors conclude that an increased cancer risk in CPP children whose mothers received pre-1963 poliovirus vaccine was unlikely to have been due to SV40 infection transmitted from mothers to their children...

..S. non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients. SV40 accidentally contaminated U.S. poliovirus vaccines that were widely administered from 1955 through 1962. However, epidemiologic data linking SV40 with NHL are lacking...

..Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) causes Kaposi sarcoma. In the United States, transmission routes for HHV-8 are uncertain...

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..3%, respectively; P=.04). SV40 seroreactivity therefore may reflect zoonotic exposure...

..People with AIDS have heightened cancer risk from immunosuppression. HAART has been available since 1996 and has reduced AIDS-related mortality, but there are few large-scale studies on cancer trends...

..With awareness of limitations, investigators have in SEER-Medicare data a valuable resource for epidemiologic research on cancer etiology...

..Because most prior research has concerned kidney recipients, large studies that include recipients of differing organs can inform cancer etiology...

..Other research indicates an association between genetic polymorphisms in the inflammation pathway, which might modulate the inflammatory response and lung cancer risk...

..Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis and particularly intravenous antibiotic therapy provide substantial protection at low neutrophil counts. These results can be used to model management strategies for transplant recipients...

..For patients infected with HIV, plasma HIV viral load in early disease predicts long-term prognosis. However, the implications of viral load measurements late in HIV disease are uncertain...

..During the 14 years of follow-up, zoster incidence declined 9% per year. This trend occurred despite decreasing CD4 cell counts and was unexplained by zidovudine or acyclovir use...

..Overall, assays performed adequately for use in most epidemiologic investigations, but wider applications will require improved tests...

..In conclusion, acute sinusitis is common among symptomatic patients. Radiography and clinical evaluation (especially risk scores) appear to provide useful information for diagnosis of sinusitis...

..Prevalence was also high in Botswana (87% in Sans, an indigenous group, and 76% in Bantus), though Kaposi's sarcoma is not common, suggesting that additional co-factors besides HHV-8 are needed for development of Kaposi's sarcoma...

..These trends have led to a shift in the spectrum of cancer among HIV-infected persons...

..IL1A and IL1B are critical signals in initiating inflammation. Our results suggest that a dysregulated inflammatory response to tobacco-induced lung damage promotes carcinogenesis...

..The increased lung cancer risk, persisting years after a tuberculosis diagnosis, could reflect the effects of chronic pulmonary inflammation and scarring arising from tuberculosis...

..Elderly Jews have relatively high KS risk, but it is unclear whether this indicates heightened prevalence of KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the KS agent. We studied Jewish and non-Jewish patients at a New York City geriatrics clinic...

..Our findings do not support a role for SV40 in choroid plexus tumors or ependymomas from northern India...

..We describe the first case of a KSHV-positive NHL from this region; this case is also the first reported pediatric lymphoma associated with KSHV infection...

..0001), probably reflecting heavy smoking among HIV-infected adults. Identifying separate effects of HIV and aging on cancer risk will require detailed data on individuals' HIV infection status and exposures to known carcinogens...

..Given the range of mechanisms by which infections could plausibly cause NHL and our growing molecular understanding of this malignancy, this field of research deserves continued attention...

..In conclusion, those subjects had virus load trends similar to those in adults. Early virus loads were lower than those in vertically infected infants, which suggests that factors changing soon after birth affect viral replication...

..We found no association between the presence of T antibody and NHL, arguing against SV40 as a cause of NHL. Infrequent and low-level T antibody responses among humans could represent cross-reactivity to BK virus T antigen...

..52, 1.24) for brain tumors, 1.41 (95% CI: 0.39, 5.15) for mesothelioma, and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.44) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These findings do not support a role for SV40 in the development of these cancers...

..Also, EBV viral loads were higher in cases than in controls (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals with HIV-KSHV coinfection, KSHV viremia identifies a subgroup with extremely high risk for developing KS...

..We conducted this study to assess long-term cancer risk among persons with AIDS relative to the general population and the impact of HAART on cancer incidence...

..003), approaching the risk of the general population. We conclude that the cancer deficit reflected direct or indirect effects of HIV/AIDS and that anti-HIV therapy reduced these effects...

..HIV-related immunodeficiency could be important, but differences between the population developing AIDS and the general population (e. g., immigration from the Caribbean region for ATLL) might independently increase T-cell lymphoma risk...

..Our findings, and the previously demonstrated presence of KSHV in the histologically related primary effusion lymphoma, suggest that KSHV is involved in the pathogenesis of some immunoblastic lymphomas...

..There is emerging evidence that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection play a role in the etiology of immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), both of which are severe autoimmune cytopenias...

..49, 95% CI=0.26-0.93) among women with SLE. These findings suggest that systemic inflammation may affect breast epithelial neoplasia...

..Absence of an association with ECC was consistent in adjusted and unadjusted models. A significant association with pancreatic cancer was erased by alcohol use and other variables...

..Solid organ transplant recipients commonly are infected with hepatitis viruses, are immunosuppressed, and have other potential hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk factors...

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..Solid-organ transplantation and HIV infection were followed by increased risk for some skin cancer subtypes among elderly adults. These results highlight the potential role of immunity in development of skin cancers...

..Newer, expensive antibiotics are of limited value. Additional testing is not cost-effective. Further studies are needed to find an accurate,low-cost diagnostic test for acute bacterial sinusitis...

..Western blot patterns varied across individuals and consisted mostly of weak reactivity. In conclusion, we did not find evidence for the presence of HTLV-I or HFV in US thymoma patients...

..In summary, HCV, but not other causes of hepatitis, was associated with the elevated risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia. HCV may induce lymphoproliferative malignancies through chronic immune stimulation...

..Lung cancer is more common in HIV-infected patients than in the general population. We examined how effectively lung cancer was being diagnosed in our HIV-infected patients...

..Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons have an elevated risk for lung cancer, but whether the increase reflects solely their heavy tobacco use remains an open question...

..These results are consistent with the occurrence of bloodborne transmission of HHV-8 among IDUs...

..Thus, these data suggest that IDUs' risk of acquiring HHV-8, through needle sharing or other behaviors related to injection drug use, is low...

..4%). K8.1 seropositivity was associated with asthma (odds ratio: 6.3; 95% confidence interval: 2.4-16.9) and hay fever (3.5; 1.1-11.0), and there were borderline associations with measures of crowding and low socioeconomic status...

..HTLV-II infection was not significantly associated with mortality from any cause, suggesting that it is not a significant human pathogen, even when present with HIV infection...

..To perform a meta-analysis to estimate the efficacy of quinolone antibiotics in preventing infections, fevers, and deaths among cancer patients neutropenic following chemotherapy...

..7, 95% confidence interval=0.5-1.2), nor antibiotic use by site, was associated with total NHL, or NHL subtypes. There were no trends with frequency or age at first use (P trend=0.23 and 0.26, respectively)...

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..In the United States, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is common and increases the detection of prostate cancer. We evaluated whether the prostate cancer deficit among men with AIDS reflects differential PSA screening...

..A few previous studies suggest that chronic inflammation may particularly elevate risk of the distinct non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtype Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM)...

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..Studies have reported young ages at cancer diagnosis in HIV-infected persons and have suggested that HIV accelerates carcinogenesis. However, these comparisons did not account for differences in population age structures...

..We assessed whether these cofactor differences translate into differences in second cancer risk...

..We estimated the annual number of cancers in the HIV-infected population, both with and without AIDS, in the United States...

..CONCLUSION Elevated FLCs may represent sensitive markers of polyclonal B-cell activation and dysfunction and could be useful for identifying HIV-infected persons at increased NHL risk...

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..However, the impact of coal burning and stove improvement on risk of pneumonia is not clear...

..To assess the risk and identify risk factors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in solid organ transplant recipients. Prior research has been limited by the rarity of HL and the requirement for extended follow-up after transplantation...

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..CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are consistent with KSHV transmission from maternal and nonmaternal sources in KS-endemic regions. Our results also provide evidence for ongoing evolution of the K1 gene in KSHV-infected children...

..We concluded that chlordane treatment of homes for termites may increase residents' NHL risk...

..The high KS risk immediately posttransplant and in persons with HLA-B mismatch highlights the role of immunosuppression and/or immune stimulation in KS pathogenesis...

..Lung cancer risk was compared between PWA and the general population and its relationship with immunosuppression was assessed. The likelihood that excess risk is explained by a high prevalence of smoking was also investigated...

..Previous studies have been too small to adequately assess these risks...

..To describe the occurrence and characteristics of pleural and peritoneal lymphoma in a large cohort of persons with AIDS in 11 regions in the United States...

..Men with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reported to be at increased risk for germ cell tumors (GCT), particularly testicular seminoma. We investigated correlates of this association to improve understanding of GCTs...

..Detection was associated with K8.1 seropositivity, younger age, and high household density, indicating the importance of in-household person-to-person transmission, likely via saliva...

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..The incidence of Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer has been declining among persons with AIDS. We investigated the association between cancer risk and CD4 cell count among such persons...

..VLPs of the human BK virus substantially inhibited the SV40 reactivity of human sera. There was no serological evidence of widespread SV40 infection and no association of SV40 seropositivity with human lymphomas in Spain...

..2-0.6]). The bimodal peaks for BL, in contrast to non-BL NHL, suggest effects of noncumulative risk factors at different ages. Underascertainment or biological reasons may account for BL deficit at low CD4 lymphocyte counts...

..We quantified the extent of this underestimation for 3 AIDS-related cancers: Kaposi sarcoma (KS), central nervous system non-Hodgkin lymphoma (CNS NHL) and cervical cancer...

..The Bayesian formulation naturally overcomes some important limitations of the likelihood model...

..Because persons with more advanced infections have higher antibody titers, they are easier to detect, which may skew our understanding of the epidemiology of HHV-8...

..Our results indicate that EBV infection persists, with virus readily detectable in saliva and buffy coats from persons without apparent symptoms in Africa...

..Many of the considerations raised in this review apply to the evaluation of data regarding other cancers, such as mesothelioma, brain tumors, and various sarcomas, for which an etiologic link with SV40 also has been proposed...

..Blood transfusions are associated with viral transmission and immunomodulation, perhaps increasing subsequent risk of hematologic malignancies (HMs). Prior studies of transfusion recipients have lacked details on specific HM subtypes...

..People with AIDS have an elevated risk for cancer. We studied the relationship between cancer risk and AIDS-related immunosuppression as measured by CD4 count at AIDS onset...

..Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is common in sub-Saharan Africa, but its distribution is uneven. Transmission occurs during childhood within families by unclear routes...

..We studied the association between HHV-8 seropositivity and transfusion history among children with sickle-cell disease in Uganda, where HHV-8 infection is common in blood donors...

..We investigated the association of circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP, an inflammation biomarker) and CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with prospective lung cancer risk...

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..Clinicians should be encouraged by the improving prognosis and be diligent about detecting and treating cancer in PWA...

..We show significantly increased incidence of SCCC among persons with HIV/AIDS in the U.S. The associations with age and geography are in accord with etiological role for ultraviolet radiation in SCCC...

..14-8.42; P interaction = .007). Our findings suggest that HCV is not a major risk factor for PTLD, which is consistent with the model in which an intact immune system is necessary for development of HCV-related lymphoproliferation...

..7-fold (95%CI 1.0-3.0; p=0.05) and a 1.5-fold (95%CI 0.6-3.9) elevated MM risk, respectively. Pneumonia could be a trigger to the development of MM or a manifestation of immune disturbances in late-stage MGUS...