Wong Ho Chow

..Obesity and hypertension have been implicated as risk factors for the development of renal-cell cancer...

..Few epidemiologic studies have evaluated risk factors by subtypes of renal cell cancer defined by somatic mutations and other tumor markers...

..Large consortium efforts employing genome-wide scanning technology are underway, which hold promise for novel discoveries in renal carcinogenesis...

..Herein, we estimate the population attributable risks (PARs) for various risk factors observed in a multicenter population-based case-control study...

..54 for men; OR = 7.42, 95% CI: 2.84, 10.01 for women). Our results suggest that regular and frequent physical activity over a long period of time protects from colon cancer and significantly modifies the body mass index-associated risk...

..e., the impact on the OR for a fixed total exposure of high exposure rate for short duration compared with low exposure rate for long duration...

..In two large case-control studies, our findings further define a functional region of interest at the APOE locus that increases RCC susceptibility...

..Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia have risen dramatically in incidence over the past few decades, however, little research has been conducted on the occupational risk factors for these cancers...

..We investigated the hypertension-renal cancer association by race, and we assessed the role of hypertension in the racial disparity of renal cancer incidence...

..To investigate whether occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and certain plastic monomers increased renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk...

..We examined the associations between occupation and asthma among women in a case-control study nested in the population-based Shanghai Women's Health Study cohort in China...

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..Our study did not identify strong genetic determinants in the folate metabolism pathway for stomach cancer risk...

..003). Our findings suggest that common genetic variants of AGT, particularly those in the promoter, increase RCC risk among subjects who are hypertensive or overweight...

..However, individual studies have been too small to accurately assess the effects of medication type, frequency, or duration of use. We performed a pooled analysis to investigate these associations...

..To examine the association between occupation and chronic bronchitis among a cross section of Chinese women who participated in the Shanghai Women's Health Study...

..These results need replication in larger epidemiological studies of gastric cancer...

..19 x 10(-15); OR = 1.57), and for those in the noncardia stomach it was absent (P = 0.44; OR = 1.05). Our findings at 10q23 could provide insight into the high incidence of both cancers in China...

..pylori status, and for cases diagnosed within 46 months after study enrollment. Our findings suggest that higher levels of urinary PGE-M, a marker of inflammation, may be associated with gastric cancer risk...

..We investigated whether tobacco smoking and other factors increase risk for Barrett's esophagus...

..We investigated whether reproductive factors are associated with RCC, overall and by race, within a population-based case-control study...

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..91) and 0.7 (95% CI 0.5-0.95), respectively. Our findings suggest that BMI predicts colon cancer risk in both genders. Among women, however, the risk is modified by menopause status, possibly through altered endogenous oestrogen levels...

..A total of 74,942 female subjects were recruited in a population-based cohort study in Shanghai, China between 1997 and 2000. We examined the relationship between occupation and breast cancer risk...

..82 (95% CI: 0.68, 1.00; p(trend) = 0.05) for activity during adolescence. The authors conclude that increased physical activity, including activity during adolescence, is associated with reduced risk of renal cell cancer...

..Following adoption of a Western lifestyle, China is experiencing a decline in physical activity levels, which is projected to contribute to future increases in the burden of chronic diseases...

..Epidemiologic studies are reporting associations between lead exposure and human cancers. A polymorphism in the 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) gene affects lead toxicokinetics and may modify the adverse effects of lead...

..72 × 10(-9), per-allele OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.18-1.39) In conclusion, we report that chromosome 2p21 harbors a complex genetic architecture for common RCC risk variants...

..There were no indications of effect modification. The lack of an association between night-shift work and breast cancer adds to the inconsistent epidemiologic evidence. It may be premature to consider shift work a cause of cancer...

..Therefore, the association of alcohol intake with OSCC, OA, and OGJA was determined in nine case-control studies and two cohort studies of the Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON)...

..Future studies of esophageal and other cancers should focus on comprehensive sequencing of this 2q33 locus and functional analysis of rs13016963 and rs10201587 and other strongly correlated variants...

..In this study, we aimed to examine the association between long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1) methylation levels, as a biomarker of global DNA methylation in blood cell DNA, and renal cell cancer risk...

..In a population-based case-control study, we examined risks in relation to polymorphisms of the following genes: GSTP1; GSTM1; GSTT1; NAT1; and CYP1A1...

..Our cohort results suggest that consistent with findings from Western populations, having a family history of colorectal cancer may influence colorectal cancer risk to a similar extent in a low-risk population...

..3. We observed no evidence of association for lung cancer at 15q25 in never-smoking women in Asia, providing strong evidence that this locus is not associated with lung cancer independent of smoking...

..mtDNA copy number in leukocyte DNA has also been linked to several other cancers, although the temporal relationship between mtDNA and cancer has not been adequately explored...

..A proportion of tumors from current smokers lacked VHL alterations and may represent a biologically distinct clinical entity from inactivated cases...

..Our aim was to better discriminate between job, industry, and time differences in exposure levels compared to using a JEM alone...

..Obesity has been linked to excess risk for many cancers, but the evidence remains tenuous for some types. Although the prevalence of obesity varies by race, few studies of obesity-related cancer risk have included non-white subjects...

..Further study of larger populations is needed to confirm and extend these observations...

..31, 0.96). Subgroup analyses by alcohol consumption produced opposing trends. Results do not support the hypothesis that interventions aimed at increasing vitamin D status would lead to a lower risk of these highly fatal cancers...

..This study comprehensively evaluated genetic variation across eight vitamin D pathway genes in relation to RCC risk. We found increased risk associated with VDR and RXRA. Replication studies are warranted to confirm these findings...

..Because available PAQ may not capture the full range of PA in which urban Chinese adults engage, a PAQ was developed for this purpose. We examined the validity of this PAQ and the 1-yr stability of PA in 545 urban Shanghai adults...

..Our findings support the existence of distinct age, sex and racial distributions for RCC subtypes, and suggest that the obesity-RCC association differs by histology...

..Risk of RCC is elevated among end-stage renal disease patients, although no studies have looked at differences by race in the relationship between chronic renal failure and RCC...

..We examined the association between aMT6s levels and shift work estimated by a job exposure matrix (JEM) among healthy participants of the Shanghai Women's Health Study...

..The evidence for meat intake and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk is inconsistent. Mutagens related to meat cooking and processing, and variation by RCC subtype may be important to consider...

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..These findings provide the strongest evidence to date, suggesting that the association between obesity and RCC is mediated at least in part through the effects of low adiponectin...

..Here, we investigated associations between employment in specific occupations and industries and RCC, and its most common histologic subtype, clear cell RCC (ccRCC)...

..The effects of early-age obesity and change in body mass index (BMI) on renal cancer have been studied less thoroughly, and the influence of race has never been formally investigated...

..In an attempt to replicate that finding, we measured mtDNA copy number in peripheral blood DNA from a U.S. population-based case-control study of RCC...

..For other cancer sites, the relationship with obesity is less well quantified, and the effect of weight change on cancer risk is unclear...

..Waist-to hip ratio was positively associated with RCC in women and with height at age 18 years in both men and women...

..04 for all). In summary, these findings suggest that common variation in MTHFR and TYMS genes may be associated with RCC risk, particularly when vegetable intake is low...

..In conclusion, tobacco use, particularly recent use, increases risk for both adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps, but the risks are substantially greater for hyperplastic lesions...

..Gastric cancer incidence rates are consistently lower in women than men in both high and low-risk regions worldwide. Sex hormones, such as progesterone and estrogen, may protect women against gastric cancer...

..Given inconsistent findings in the literature, it is premature to consider HCV infection to be a risk factor for kidney cancer...

..7-1.3) for C/T and 0.6 (95% CI, 0.3-1.0) T/T carriers compared with C/C carriers (P = 0.03). These results suggest that IL5 rs2069812 and IL7R rs1389832, rs1494556 and rs1494555 polymorphisms may contribute to gastric cancer etiology...

..Variation in one-carbon metabolism genes, particularly MTHFR, has been associated with risk of a number of cancers in epidemiologic studies, but little is known regarding renal cancer...

..To investigate whether the positive association of body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) with risk of pancreatic cancer is modified by age, sex, smoking status, physical activity, and history of diabetes...

..These findings should be interpreted cautiously until replicated in other studies...

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..037; allelic risk = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.67-0.99). Our findings provide strong evidence that genetic variation in TP63 is associated with the risk of lung adenocarcinoma among Asian females in the absence of tobacco smoking...

..Further research on these tumors is needed to identify molecular markers associated with variations in the risk factor profiles...

..60; 95% CI: 0.33-1.1; P trend = 0.05). Genotype associations with these subgroups were not modified when dietary sources of vitamin D or calcium were considered. Additional studies of genetic variation in the VDR gene are warranted...

..4; P = 3.8 × 10(-11)). These findings underscore the time-dependent nature of somatic events in the etiology of cancer and potentially other late-onset diseases...

..The authors prospectively examined the relationship of prolonged sitting and risk of RCC among 289,512 women and men in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study...

..This sharp trend between benzene hematotoxicity and estimated exposure to benzene indicated that the exposure-estimation method used in this cancer epidemiology study is reliable...

..Host genetic factors that affect interleukin-1-beta may determine why some individuals infected with H. pylori develop gastric cancer while others do not...

..Organic solvents have been associated with renal cell cancer; however, the risk by gender and type of solvents is nuclear...

..Clinical surveys have revealed that incidental detection of renal cell carcinoma is rising because of increased use of imaging procedures...

..Our findings confirm an association with cigarette smoking, which is estimated to account for approximately 20% of stomach cancers diagnosed among Warsaw residents during the study period...

..Our confidence in the assessment method is supported by the observation of a strong positive trend between benzene poisoning and various measures, especially recent intensity of exposure to benzene...

..Further, many comparisons were made and the problem of multiple hypothesis testing cannot be ignored in a survey such as ours...

..01) and lung cancer (ptrend = 0.01) increased with increasing cumulative exposure to benzene. Investigations continue to relate benzene exposure to specific lymphatic and hematopoietic malignancies and other causes of death...

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..Our observations in China support recent findings in Western populations that obesity contributes to the risk of gastric cardia cancer, especially among men...

..non-cardia). Our findings add to the evidence that diet plays a major role in stomach cancer risk and suggest the need for further evaluation of risks associated with carbohydrates and starchy foods as well as the mechanisms involved...

..Our findings support previous reports that a high intake of red meat and a sedentary life-style may increase the risk of colon cancer...

..01). This was due to a shift in the GSTT1 genotype distribution across age groups among stomach cancer patients only. These results suggest that the GSTT1 null genotype may be associated with increased risk of stomach cancer...

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..Occupational lung carcinogens have been primarily studied in men. The aim of this study was to investigate occupational lung cancer risk in a cohort of Chinese non-smoking women...

..The association between renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk and family history of cancer has not been examined with an adequate number of African Americans (AAs)...

..These findings further support the hypothesis that glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms can modify RCC risk associated with occupational pesticide exposure...

..49; 95% CI: 1.08-5.77; P-interaction = 0.05). These data provide additional evidence for the role of cruciferous vegetables in cancer prevention among individuals with common, functional genetic polymorphisms...

..IL1A (-889 C>T) and the three examined IL12A variants were unrelated to gastric cancer risk. Our findings suggest that two Th1-related polymorphisms (TNFA -308 A>G and IFNGR2 Ex7-128 C>T) may increase the risk of gastric cancer...

..Although cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking in general were not risk factors for colorectal cancers in Shanghai, there were small excess risks for rectal cancer among heavy smokers and colon cancer among heavy drinkers...

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..Results of studies investigating other factors are also discussed...

..In conclusion, our evaluation has identified common genetic variants in CASP1, CASP5, EGFR, and IGFBP3 that could be associated with renal cancer risk...

..74 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI = 0.67 to 0.81), over the same time period. Adenocarcinoma rates rose among white men and women in all stage and age groups, indicating that these increases are real and not an artifact of surveillance...

..Further research is needed to clarify the carcinogenic risks associated with gallstones and cholecystectomy and to define the mechanisms involved...

..31 for rs4765623, which maps to SCARB1, the scavenger receptor class B, member 1 gene (P = 2.6 × 10⁻⁸). Our study reports previously unidentified genomic regions associated with RCC risk that may lead to new etiological insights...

..In a population-based case-control study of kidney cancer involving an interview and optional biospecimens, we examined whether mentioning the biospecimens in the initial contact letter adversely affects willingness to be interviewed...

..We generally found no evidence of an association between personal use of hair dye and cancer risk, although our study is limited by small numbers for certain cancer types...

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..Special clinical vigilance vis-à-vis gastro-esophageal cancers seems unwarranted in asthmatic patients, but may be appropriate in those with clinically manifest gastro-oesophageal reflux...

..Our data point to the role of familial susceptibility to gastric cancer, but not to any form of esophageal cancer, in the United States...

..Homozygous Leu208, a common allele in Caucasians, is uncommon in this cohort. The significance of these CYP2C9 polymorphic alleles remains to be determined...