E Hollander

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..Sotos syndrome has been described in a number of patients with autism spectrum disorders, suggesting that NSD1 could be involved in other cases of autism and macrocephaly...

..Risperidone may be an effective and well-tolerated augmentation strategy in treatment-resistant OCD subjects, but larger sample size studies are required to demonstrate this...

..Other symptom domains within autism and effects on development need to be evaluated in adequately designed clinical trials. Future strategies include extending treatment to children as young as the preschool years...

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..There are both advantages and disadvantages in creating a new diagnostic category in DSM-V, and these are discussed in this article...

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..Its effectiveness in specific subgroups of OCD patients with co-morbid anxiety disorders or as an augmentation strategy added to SSRIs remains to be determined...

..Dichotomizing autistic probands by severity and type of repetitive behaviors (circumscribed interests and compulsive rituals) may yield more homogenous groups, which could be helpful in genetic linkage studies...

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..Additional studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of olanzapine in the treatment of children with PDD...

..This study explored the effect of intravenous oxytocin administration on the retention of social information in autism...

..This review focuses on recent research examining the treatment of pathological gambling and highlights methodological challenges for future studies...

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..616). This study provides preliminary support for the use of divalproex in treating repetitive behaviours in ASD. Further research is needed to evaluate the specificity and mechanism of action of these findings...

..Limitations include small sample size and the crossover design of the study. Further replication and long-term maintenance trials are needed...

..These subtle neurological abnormalities may implicate a potential subgroup of OCD patients with poorer treatment response. This may have treatment implications and therefore serve as a screening tool in OCD...

..These and other issues should be discussed at future meetings of the IOCDC and influence how we conceptualize the disorder and design future treatment trials...

..The Internet System for Assessing Autistic Children system for managing multicenter clinical trials in autism and statistical issues in autism research are also described...

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..Repetitive behavior in autism spectrum disorders may be related to abnormalities in the oxytocin system, and may be partially ameliorated by synthetic oxytocin infusion...

..Divalproex sodium is indicated as both an anticonvulsant in epilepsy and a mood stabilizer in bipolar illness and thus might be useful for these complicating symptoms in autism...

..To the authors' knowledge, this is the first placebo-controlled treatment study in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders; it compares sustained-release lithium carbonate to placebo...

..Since anticonvulsant agents may be helpful in such symptomatology, we compared divalproex sodium with placebo in patients with borderline personality disorder...

..Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that might be effective in the treatment of OCD, even among those who have failed previous SSRI trials...

..Augmentation and monotherapy have been explored with serotonergic enhancers, dopamine and 5-HT antagonists, enhancers of second-messenger systems, and GABAergic agents with varying efficacy...

..The authors synthesize state-of-the-art treatment and give practical advice for clinicians...

..Although mood stabilizers and serotonin reuptake inhibitors have shown some efficacy in the treatment of this condition, there is little known about how these pharmacological interventions work...

..This study evaluated the acute safety and efficacy and long-term efficacy, safety, and impact on relapse prevention of paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder...

..These results are consistent with those in depression indicating that higher cingulate gyrus metabolic rates at baseline predict SRI response...

..The authors examined the efficacy and tolerability of the opioid antagonist nalmefene in the treatment of adults with pathological gambling...

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..The authors' goal was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine in the treatment of pathological gambling...

..The goal of this study was to assess brain glucose metabolism and its relationship to dissociation measures and clinical symptoms in DSM-IV depersonalization disorder...

..Controlled treatment trials with venlafaxine are warranted in autism spectrum disorders...

..The authors examined the rate of D8/17 expression in children with autism and its correlation with severity of repetitive behaviors...

..This peripheral noradrenergic dysfunction could be consistent with attenuated cortico-frontal noradrenergic function as shown in positron emission tomography (PET) studies of PG...

..To assess the safety and efficacy of escitalopram in IC-IUD, we conducted a 10-week, open-label trial followed by a 9-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation phase...

..Additionally, depression and suicide are frequent complications of BDD. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for the management of BDD with coexisting social anxiety are presented in this article...

..The limitations of IV CMI as a specific probe of serotonin function are discussed...

..The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lithium and valproate in nonbipolar pathological gamblers...

..We extended our studies to include functional alterations of the striatum and thalamus in a cohort of patients with PG before and after treatment with lithium...

..This study suggests the efficacy of divalproex for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with ASD. Larger sample follow-up studies are warranted...

..This article reviews research on the current understanding and management of residual symptoms, i.e., subthreshold depressive symptoms present after recovery from a major depressive episode...

..Our case suggests that topiramate might be beneficial in augmentation with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in patients with treatment-resistant OCD, although further investigations are warranted to confirm our findings...

..Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies are, however, needed to confirm the positive findings reported by several studies with venlafaxine...

..We investigated the clinical, cognitive and neurophysiologic effects of a 3 weeks' protocol of low-frequency rTMS applied over the right DLPFC in resistant depression...

..013). Results suggest that oxytocin may have a beneficial impact on emotional regulation in BPD, which merits further investigation and could have important treatment implications...

..Investigations in brain imaging and genetics are underway. Research in pharmacotherapy and CBT, individually and combined, is needed to refine, extend, and optimize treatment...

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..PG-YBOCS thus appears to be a reliable and valid measure of pathological gambling severity, and can be regarded as an important tool for clinicians and researchers treating pathological gamblers...

..Specific variants of the 5-HTT gene, SLC6A4, especially the insertion-deletion 5-HTTLPR promoter locus, have been found to modulate its expression and transporter function...

..No studies have systematically examined predictors of medication treatment outcome in PG. Understanding clinical variables related to treatment outcome should help generate treatment algorithms for PG...

..Finally, we conclude with a discussion of directions for future research...

..Side effects (dry mouth and sedation) of moderate severity occurred in 4 subjects. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results suggest that nefazodone may be effective in reducing symptoms of pathological gambling and is well tolerated...

..The identification of specific subtypes among patients with pathological gambling may be relevant to the choice of pharmacologic treatment...

..Treatment gains after a 12-week course of CBT may be maintained for up to 1 year. Currently, no guidelines exist for the long-term treatment of GAD...

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..Divalproex extended-release (ER) is used widely in clinical practice, which leads to the question of its efficacy and tolerability in treating BPD...

..To date, data are mixed for interventions commonly prescribed in clinical practice and suggest several areas of investigation in advancing research on the medication management of repetitive behaviors...

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..The data regarding this disorder and its overlap with chemical addiction is limited. If the two disorders are to be grouped together, further data are needed...

..This open-label trial examines venlafaxine's efficacy in BDD and is the first known study of this serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor in BDD...

..In this article the authors review studies of pharmacologic treatments...

..The World Trade Center disaster was of unprecedented magnitude and impact in U.S. history. The authors conducted a pilot survey investigating these effects...

..Screening of PTEN mutations is warranted in patients with autism and pronounced macrocephaly, even in the absence of other features of PTEN-related tumor syndromes...

..Significant symptom reduction was observed as a result of this combined intervention...

..By increasing research in this field, the OCD spectrum may evolve from a fragmented level of conceptualization as a "metaphor" to one that is more comprehensive and structured...

..Finally, unresolved issues and directions for future research are discussed...

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..We conducted a 1-year follow-up of an original mail survey of early reactions to the World Trade Center disaster...

..We further hypothesize that maladaptive temperament will be associated with the severity of both illnesses...

..No significant associations were found between serotonin level and the primary behavioral outcome measures. However, a significant inverse relationship between serotonin level and self-injury was demonstrated...

..The implications of removing OCD from the anxiety disorders category and moving it to an OC spectrum disorders category, as is being proposed for the DSM-V, is discussed...

..This article reviews the available data on the efficacy and tolerability of SSRIs in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Objectives for future research in this area will also be suggested...

..Making distinctions among families by the severity of these features may be useful for identifying more genetically homogeneous subgroups in studies targeted at genes for specific autism-related symptom domains...

..Our results are consistent with a frontostriatal circuit change related to both dopaminergic and serotonergic systems and with the presence of psychopharmacological subtypes within OCD...

..The correlations between the G-SAS and the PG-YBOCS and Clinical Global Impression rating were excellent. Findings suggest that the G-SAS is reliable and valid in assessing changes in symptoms during a drug treatment study...

..No other significant differences were observed. The rs2056202 polymorphism may be associated with levels of routines and rituals in autism and related disorders...

..The authors used imaging studies to map volumetric and metabolic differences within the entire dorsoventral extent of the striatum and thalamus...

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..Particular attention is paid to the relationship between ICDs and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Finally, current pharmacological options for treating ICDs are presented and discussed...

..Trial registration number (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT00796497...

..Nevertheless, promising findings regarding efficacy, tolerability, and non-invasiveness and/or reversibility of these techniques have increased interest in investigating their use in treatment-resistant OCD...

..These findings suggest that levetiracetam does not improve behavioral disturbances of autism, but are limited by the small sample size and lack of stratification of the autistic sample at baseline...

..Patients failed to show these patterns. Autism patients have dysfunction in some but not all of the key brain regions subserving verbal memory performance, and other regions may be recruited for task performance...

..The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dissociation and childhood trauma in BPD and to explore the relationships of dissociation and trauma to various personality features of BPD...

..In conclusion, despite its small sample size this pilot study suggests that dissociative symptomatology may be a marker of heightened biological vulnerability to stress in BPD, and merits further study...

..The data suggest that there is an autism susceptibility gene on chromosome 1 and provide further support for the presence of autism susceptibility genes on chromosomes 6 and 19...

..Many of these disorders, which include trichotillomania, neurotic excoriation, onychophagia, body dysmorphic disorder, and dermatitis artefacta may respond to specific therapeutic interventions...

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..The purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate HPA axis function in dissociation...

..More results are needed before the effectiveness of the nonpharmacologic treatments for OCD can be determined...

..Only SSRIs have been proven effective and safe in long-term randomized controlled trials. Current guidelines from the Expert Consensus Panel for PTSD recommend treatment of chronic PTSD for a minimum of 12-24 months...

..In light of the chronicity and disability associated with social phobia, as well as the high relapse rate after short-term therapy, it is recommended that effective treatment be continued for at least 12 months...

..Long-term efficacy and ease of use are important considerations in treatment selection, as maintenance treatment is recommended for at least 12-24 months, and in some cases, indefinitely...

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..Further, pharmacotherapy for a minimum of 1-2 years is recommended before very gradual withdrawal may be considered...

..Abstract Not Provided. ..

..Core B: Clinical Core; Core C: Data Management and Statistics Core; Core D: Information Transfer Core. ..

..Stipends are requested to support the entry of two fellows per year for the initial two years and then three fellows per year for up to three years of training. ..

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..When untreated, adolescent-onset BDD appears to often interfere with the developmental tasks of adolescence, to persist, and to cause substantial morbidity through out the life span. ..