W A Rocca

..The REP can serve as a model for the development of similar research infrastructures in the United States and worldwide...

..The long-term cognitive effects of hysterectomy and oophorectomy remain controversial...

..The general consensus has been that estrogen is invariably a risk factor for ischemic stroke (IS). We reviewed new observational studies that challenge this simple conclusion...

..Finally, we studied a group of 625 spouses of either cases or controls. Relatives with PD or other neurodegenerative diseases were ascertained using the family study method...

..Therefore, women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy before the onset of menopause or women who experienced premature or early natural menopause should be considered for hormonal treatment until approximately age 51 years...

..We studied the association of oophorectomy performed before the onset of menopause with the risk of subsequent parkinsonism...

..We studied the long-term risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms in women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy before menopause...

..We aimed to investigate survival patterns in a population-based sample of women who had received an oophorectomy and compare these with women who had not received an oophorectomy...

..Results from other studies are cited as evidence for or against each possible mechanism. These putative causal mechanisms are probably intertwined, and their clarification is a research priority...

..These findings suggest that PD and ET may share familial susceptibility factors...

..The concept of neuroprotective effects of estrogen in women remains controversial...

..68, p < 0.0001). This newly established historical cohort study provides opportunities to test hypotheses regarding the link between personality and aging, aging-related diseases, and overall mortality...

..Thus, we investigated the association of anemia with the subsequent risk of PD using a case-control study design...

..A significant reduction in cognitive impairment measured by neuropsychological testing was identified in the national survey. Cautious optimism appears justified...

..We studied the association of oophorectomy performed before the onset of menopause with the risk of subsequent cognitive impairment or dementia...

..The evidence for increased risk of dementia in relatives of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) remains conflicting...

..To investigate time trends in the incidence of parkinsonism and PD over a 15-year period (1976 to 1990)...

..The evidence for a neuroprotective effect of estrogen in women remains controversial...

..The age-specific prevalence figures for active epilepsy were lower than those from previous Italian surveys...

..62; 95% confidence interval, 1.66-4.15), whereas relatives of probands with later onset had no increased risk. The relative risk decreased when the incidence of all types of parkinsonism was considered...

..We estimated the incidence of amnestic MCI (aMCI) and nonamnestic MCI (naMCI) in men and women separately...

..Despite the limited sample size of this exploratory study, we hypothesize that there is an increased risk of PD in conditions causing an early reduction in endogenous estrogen. This hypothesis needs to be confirmed in a larger study...

..Although several studies reported weight loss preceding the onset of dementia, other studies suggested that obesity in midlife or even later in life may be a risk factor for dementia...

..CONCLUSION: Subjects with higher education and physicians have an increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD), while subjects with some occupations presumed to involve high physical activity have a decreased risk of PD...

..We investigated constipation preceding PD using a case-control study design in a population-based sample...

..To study coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD) using a case-control design...

..To investigate the association of PD with preceding head trauma using a case-control study design...

..None of the four haplotype tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was associated with PD overall, but SNP1 (position 4,345 bp) and SNP3 (position 16,491 bp) were associated with PD in women (p = 0.03 and p = 0.002)...

..We investigated the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Olmsted County, MN, using in-person evaluations and published criteria...

..It has been suggested that people who develop Parkinson disease (PD) may have a characteristic premorbid personality. We tested this hypothesis using a large historical cohort study with long follow-up...

..This causes a substantial family information bias...

..However, S18Y polymorphism carriers had significantly lower risk of PD (odds ratio = 0.53; p = 0.03), and the risk reduction was greater for younger onset cases...

..Pesticide exposures may also confer susceptibility to PD. Our objective was to test possible joint effects of SNCA REP1 genotypes and pesticide exposures on the risk of PD...

..These findings are consistent with in vitro experiments that revealed tau-mediated fibrillization of alpha-synuclein protein at low concentrations (dose threshold effect)...

..Among PD patients, there was no relation between the risk of cancer and the cumulative dose of levodopa received or the use of other PD medications...

..The best fitting models for older onset PD (age > 59 years) were a recessive or an additive model. INTERPRETATION: The familial aggregation of PD may be explained in part by a major gene with additive effect on the penetrance...

..CONCLUSIONS: In this community, 1 in 3 children have had a physician-documented recurrent wheezing-type illness, and 1 in 6 were diagnosed with asthma. Diagnoses rates were directly related to socioeconomic status...

..The overall autopsy rate was low (23%). Diagnostic certainty (for PD), diagnostic type (PD versus other parkinsonism), sex, age at death, and location at death were important selection factors for autopsy...

..In addition, cases used anti-inflammatory agents less frequently than controls (nonsignificant trend). The results may support the hypothesis that there is an inflammatory component in the pathogenesis of PD...

..Patients with PD also experienced a reduced survival time. Demographic and clinical characteristics influenced utilization patterns and outcomes...

..To investigate the mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases and the effect of estrogen treatment in women who underwent unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy before menopause...

..Analyses confirmed a significant inverse association of the UCHL1 S18Y polymorphism with PD overall (OR=0.18, 95% CI=0.05-0.64, p=0.002, recessive model) and in several strata...

..To study the association between several personality traits and all-cause mortality...

..These significant differences at the two-tailed alpha level of 0.05 and restricted to subgroup analyses may have a biological basis or may be chance findings...

..CONCLUSIONS: Although our incidence rates were restricted to medically recognized cases of migraine, we confirmed previously reported epidemiological patterns...

..The incidence rates (new cases per 100,000 person-years) were 2.2 for ages 40 to 49, 3.3 for ages 50 to 59, and 8.9 for ages 60 to 69. For comparison, the corresponding rates for Alzheimer disease were 0.0, 3.3, and 88.9...

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..1). The increased fracture risk in patients with PD is not entirely explained by concomitant dementia, and additional study is needed to determine the relative contributions to fracture risk of falls versus bone loss in these patients...

..The independent replication in two distinct populations and using different epidemiologic study designs may suggest a link between the number of children and PD restricted to men...

..The results of this preliminary study suggest that the SNCB locus, though not a susceptibility gene for PD, might modify the age at onset of PD...

..This population-based study suggests a link between pesticides use and PD that is restricted to men. Pesticides may interact with other genetic or nongenetic factors that are different in men and women...

..Lifetime risk estimates are useful in clinical practice, epidemiologic research, and public health...

..Relatives of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) have an increased risk of PD and other neurologic disorders; however, their risk of psychiatric disorders remains uncertain...

..To establish accurate, up-to-date, baseline epidemiological data for herpes zoster (HZ) before the introduction of the recently licensed HZ vaccine...

..We reported an increased risk of serious pneumococcal disease (SPD) among patients with asthma. It is not known whether this is true for patients with other atopic conditions...

..Patient involvement in the choice of antihyperglycemic agents could improve adherence and optimize glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus...

..Earlier recognition of CHD may be associated with higher levels of recognition and treatment of CHD risk factors that may delay incident AMI. To assess timing of CHD and CHD risk factor diagnoses prior to incident AMI...

..Evidence indicates that deaths from coronary disease are decreasing less in elderly persons and women. Understanding the determinants of these trends is important for prevention...

..This suggests that improved survival after MI is unlikely to be a major contributor to the heart failure epidemic...

..A brief clinical comparison of this family with families showing linkage to these loci is presented. The data suggest that at least one other major genetic determinant for Lewy body parkinsonism remains to be identified...

..To review the data on long-term outcomes in women who underwent prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy, a common surgical procedure that has more than doubled in frequency since the 1960s...

..Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) has been one of the most promising susceptibility genes, but large-scale studies have been lacking...

..68 (95% CI=0.35-1.32) among never-smokers (P for interaction=0.01). Our findings do not confirm a significant association between ET and AD overall; however, the possible interaction with smoking deserves further study...

..Our long-term historical cohort study suggests that an anxious personality trait may predict an increased risk of PD developing many years later...

..99, for those with tremor). These population-based estimates of PD-associated direct medical costs from onset forward can uniquely inform policy decisions and cost-effectiveness research...

..Physical exercise is associated with decreased risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease...

..There are no case-control or cohort studies of PD reported from Africa. This review provides a summary of PD research in Africa over the past 60 years and highlights the information gaps and potential areas for future research...

..The telephone assessment of cognitive functions may reduce the cost and burden of epidemiological studies...

..The effects of oophorectomy on brain aging remain uncertain...

..It remains unknown whether diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI)...

..The objective of this study was to establish a prospective population-based cohort to investigate the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia...

..Little is known about the population-based prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)...

..To assess the validity of the suggestion that protruding atheromatous material in the thoracic aorta is an important cause of cerebrovascular ischemic events (CIEs) (ie, transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke)...

..While exogenous and endogenous estrogen may modify the risk of PD in women, the two estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms considered here do not seem to contribute to PD susceptibility...

..To determine whether patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a risk factor for a cryptogenic cerebrovascular ischemic event (CIE)...

..These findings confirm that UCHL1 is a susceptibility gene for PD and a potential target for disease-modifying therapies...

..Cohort studies in the United States, on the other hand, have consistently reported no difference in incidence across sex...

..0001). Recursive partitioning showed no interactions between variants of the SNCAIP gene and variants of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) or the parkin (PARK2) gene...

..42; P = 0.003). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that PD is a multigenic disorder of the UPS...

..The validity of the clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia (VaD) remains suboptimal...

..There were suggestive trends in analyses stratified by sex and age at onset of PD, and for specific cancers related to smoking or hormonal factors...

..To investigate the relationship between features and definitions of vascular dementia (VaD) and survival...

..To examine the contribution of cerebrovascular disease to dementia...

..Despite this selection bias, the retrospective data collection, and the small sample size, we made several observations that illustrate the difficulty in achieving an accurate antemortem diagnosis of parkinsonism...

..quot; The excess morbidity and mortality observed for persons with PD are consistent with recognized PD sequelae...

..It remains unknown whether depression and apolipoprotein E genotype are risk factors for incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI)...

..07 x 10(-6); P=2.96 x 10(-5)) tagged the PARK10 late-onset PD susceptibility locus. Independent replication across populations will clarify the role of the genomic loci tagged by these SNPs in conferring PD susceptibility...

..Our results do not support the hypothesis of a familial aggregation of glioma indicative of a glioma susceptibility gene...

..Information on the incidence of nondegenerative and nonvascular dementia is limited...

..82, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.95; p = 0.010). There was no evidence of a positive association between dementia and preceding myocardial infarction, while there was a decreased risk of myocardial infarction and cardiac death following dementia...

..In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of passive case-finding were discussed, and the following conclusion was drawn: the purpose of the study being conducted should determine the case-finding approach that is to be used...

..69) and age greater than 40 years (OR = 2.32 per decade). In conclusion, in this Midwestern community, chronic HBV infection was predominantly seen in immigrants from endemic parts of the world...

..To assess bias in parent reports of asthma status of children and detection bias of medical records-based asthma ascertainment and to examine effects of such bias on the association between asthma status and infections...

..We examined whether widespread use of laparoscopy was accompanied by increased diagnosis of asymptomatic endometriosis, inflated rates of diagnosis, or changes in the clinical spectrum of disease...

..To compare the short-term outcomes of acute knee injuries treated by specialists and generalists...

..The epidemic of heart failure has yet to be fully investigated, and data on incidence, survival, and sex-specific temporal trends in community-based populations are limited...

..However, little is known about translating the findings from CER into routine practice such that it provides value to the patients, clinicians, and the healthcare system...

..Individuals with asthma have been reported to be at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). These findings need to be confirmed in a different population-based study setting...

..Primary pediatric health care providers who routinely perform developmental screening need to consider this relationship when interpreting developmental screening results and offer supportive and referral services to families as needed...

..To determine whether physicians' satisfaction in clinical encounters with ethnic immigrant patients differs from satisfaction in clinical encounters with white patients in the local community...

..4; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-1.0; P = .044). The data highlight the problems working parents have in accessing health care during usual working hours and the potential value of convenient health care programs...

..These studies will contribute greatly to understanding the causes and possible prevention of PD. ..

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..These three studies will contribute greatly to understanding the causes and possible prevention of PD by exploring novel hypotheses and by using innovative methods. ..

..S. The ultimate goal is to continue to facilitate population-based research of disease etiology, preventive interventions, improved medical practice, and better health for the population, as outlined in the NIH Roadmap. ..