K SREEKKUMARAN NAIR

..Voluntary physical activity is regulated by cognitive centers and could attenuate the progressive decline in mitochondrial functions that occurs with age...

..These results support that insulin and AA act in conjunction to stimulate muscle mitochondrial function and mitochondrial protein synthesis...

..It is an attractive hypothesis that dietary changes enhance energy efficiency, but its potential application depends on long-term studies investigating net benefits versus adverse effects...

..Early after meal ingestion, amino acid absorption and retention across the leg were similar for WP and Cas, but as rates for WP waned, absorption and assimilation into skeletal muscle were better retained for Cas...

..Future research needs to be focused on newly discovered pathways affected by insulin deficiency and systemic insulin treatment to determine whether they contribute to the high morbidity and mortality in T1D despite insulin treatment...

..Regular aerobic exercise and prevention of adiposity by healthy diet may increase healthy life expectancy and prolong life span through beneficial effects at the level of the mitochondrion...

..In this review, the importance of this metabolic role of the kidney is discussed in context of chronic renal failure. The effect of renal failure on skeletal muscle protein metabolism is also discussed...

..It also remains to be determined whether potential adverse effects of BCAA supplementation is similar in people of different age groups...

..We investigated whether Indians had any metabolic differences compared with Northern European Americans that may render them more susceptible to diabetes...

..The lack of muscle mitochondrial response to insulin in type 2 diabetic patients is likely to be related to insulin resistance and reduced substrate utilization...

..Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone are widely promoted as antiaging supplements, but the long-term benefits, as compared with potential harm, are unknown...

..Such mechanistic information will improve the ability to perform early diagnosis of tumors and other diseases and develop prognostic indexes and novel therapies...

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..An individualized exercise prescription involving both aerobic and resistance training is definitely helpful to overcome many aging-related muscle dysfunctions...

..Thus, the muscle mitochondrial response to 4 months of aerobic exercise training was similar in all age-groups, although the older people did not have an improvement in insulin sensitivity...

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..To determine whether dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) replacement therapy in hypoadrenal women improves performance, muscle protein accretion, and mitochondrial functions...

..Additionally, widening differences in GFR between young and older patients is a potential cause of concern in using HP diet in older people...

..We determined the impact of insulin deficiency on muscle mitochondrial ATP production by temporarily depriving type 1 diabetic patients of insulin treatment...

..Insulin treatments in subjects with type 2 diabetes had no effect on muscle mitochondrial protein synthesis and cytochrome C oxidase, a key enzyme for ATP production...

..These results offer a mechanistic explanation for posttreatment improvement in muscle functions in hyperthyroidism...

..This study also demonstrates that aerobic exercise can enhance muscle protein synthesis irrespective of age...

..In conclusion, the current data supports that muscle mitochondrial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes is not an intrinsic defect, but instead a functional defect related to impaired response to insulin...

..We determined whether reduced insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and other age-related dysfunctions are inevitable consequences of aging or secondary to physical inactivity...

..AAs largely determined protein anabolism in splanchnic bed by stimulating PS and decreasing protein breakdown...

..We sought to determine whether, and if so the mechanism by which, testosterone replacement improves carbohydrate tolerance...

..They increase the contribution of the indirect pathway to glycogen synthesis and impair hepatic autoregulation. On the other hand, they do not alter either splanchnic glucose uptake or splanchnic insulin extraction in nondiabetic humans...

..This interactive effect may lead to muscle atrophy with continued use of glucocorticoids...

..Moreover, chronic systemic insulin treatment not only did not normalize synthesis of all plasma proteins but also altered synthesis of several additional proteins that were unaltered during insulin deprivation...

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..5 +/- 0.42%/h). This method offers an opportunity to better define the translational regulation of proteins in skeletal muscle or other tissues...

..The objective was to determine whether insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction are directly related to chronological age or are related to age-related changes in body composition...

..In conclusion, replacement therapy with 50 mg of DHEA for 12 weeks significantly increased insulin sensitivity in hypoadrenal women, thereby suggesting that DHEA replacement could have a potential impact in preventing type 2 diabetes...

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..This study identified several candidate genes for muscle insulin resistance, complications associated with poor glycemic control, and effects of insulin treatment in people with type 2 diabetes...

..These results demonstrate that age-related muscle mitochondrial dysfunction is related to reduced mtDNA and muscle functional changes that are common in the elderly...

..Aging, low dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and testosterone are associated with increased adiposity and metabolic risk. Treatment with these hormones may improve these abnormalities...

..These results demonstrate that a short-term moderate dose of prednisone affects glucose metabolism but has no effect on whole-body or leg muscle protein metabolism or muscle function...

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..Skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic patients has a reduced capacity to increase ATP production with high insulin levels...

..During insulin deprivation the splanchnic bed has a net protein accretion which accounts for the total increase in whole-body protein synthesis while muscle is in a net catabolic state...

..8 to 19.7 +/- 5.0 kcal/day (P < 0.001) but did not increase in the controls (8.7 +/- 3.5 cf 9.4 +/- 1.7 kcal/day; not significant). In conclusion, hyperthyroidism is associated with increased spontaneous physical activity and NEAT...

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..In vivo synthesis rates of RBP4 and their relationship to RBP4 levels remain to be determined...

..Alterations in transcripts of many genes involved in reactive oxygen scavenging function may contribute to the increase in longevity reported with CR...

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..CONCLUSIONS: The current approach offers the opportunity to identify Amadori modification of many proteins that may cause functional alterations and offers the potential for monitoring short-term glycemic control in diabetic patients...

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..In conclusion, because apoB-100 synthesis is a rate-determining step in hepatocyte lipid export, decreased synthesis of this protein may be an important factor in the development of hepatic steatosis, a prerequisite for NASH...

..Although GH promotes growth and protein anabolism, which are ATP-dependent processes, the GH effect on mitochondrial regulation remains to be determined...

..We also discuss potential biomarkers of BCAA status...

..In summary, a new set of anthropometric TBW prediction equations that are suited specifically for use in pediatric PD patients have been provided...

..We conclude that fat mass, like FFM, is a key determinant of protein turnover. However, during CR, higher fat mass does not favorably alter the response of protein metabolism and does not mitigate the loss of FFM...

..Antioxidants partially prevent these changes. Mitochondrial functions in skeletal muscle remain unaltered by the dietary intervention due to many adaptive changes in gene transcription...

..This may have clinical relevance as SCH patients are often elderly and may therefore have concurrent sarcopenia of aging and would represent a previously unrecognized complication of SCH...

..In response to endurance exercise, regulation of MHC isoform transcripts remains robust in older muscle, but this did not result in corresponding changes in MHC protein expression...

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..We also elaborate on reasons to consider frailty in older adults with cardiovascular disease and focus on its early identification, on referral to specialists, and on care after serious cardiac events...

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..Although age-related declines in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and testosterone are associated with cardiovascular risk, it remains to be determined whether replacement of these hormones improves cardiovascular risk factors...

..CONCLUSION: We conclude that reduced conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine causes tyrosine deficiency in patients with ESRD prompting to propose that tyrosine replacement is potentially required in patients with ESRD...

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..To determine changes in weight, body composition, and bone density after treatment of overt hyperthyroidism (OH) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (SCH) in women...

..CONCLUSIONS: Insulin plays a key role in the regulation of methionine-homocysteine metabolism in humans, and altered homocysteine may occur during insulin deficiency in type 1 diabetic patients...

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..The objective of this study is to critically review published results and determine whether there is a valid case for dehydroepiandrosterone treatment with advancing age and hypoadrenalism...

..This study will hopefully form the scientific basis for future trials of androgen replacement in the elderly. ..

..These studies are anticipated to form the basis of more elaborate mechanistic studies in the future and hopefully will lead to alternative therapeutic approaches for T1 D. ..

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..In addition, the studies will hopefully provide novel insights on pathophysiology muscle insulin resistance and mito functions in T2D patients. ..

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..In addition, the studies will hopefully provide novel insights on pathophysiology muscle insulin resistance and mito functions in T2D patients. ..

..These results will allow us to better understand the pathophysiology of this disorder and its chronic complications. ..

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..Understanding the cause of muscle weakness could pave the way for preventive and therapeutic strategies to help maintain or improve quality of life with advanced age. ..