Rebecca Bahn

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..The expansion of orbital tissues involves accumulation of hyaluronic acid (HA) within the orbit...

..In addition, rituximab (RTX) is the first targeted biological therapy to be studied as treatment for these conditions...

..This article describes evidence-based clinical guidelines for the management of thyrotoxicosis that would be useful to generalist and subspeciality physicians and others providing care for patients with this condition...

..Some of these may impact the expression of TSHr, the putative orbital autoantigen in this condition...

..Alternately, locally enhanced expression of this protein at the sites of clinical disease may not be directly involved in pathogenesis, but could be secondary to the ongoing process, and nonetheless important in disease progression...

..These results suggest that both the expression of this receptor and the accumulation of adipose tissue in the orbit in GO may be induced in vivo by a humoral factor(s) not present in the cell culture environment...

..These studies suggest that the expression of this receptor in the orbit in vivo may be stimulated by TSH or other TSHr ligands, and that this stimulation may be important in the development of GO...

..Future studies using animal models and in vitro systems will allow definitive identification of the immune cell types, autoantigens, and autoantibodies involved in the pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy...

..Furthermore, our studies support the concept that TSHr may be an important target antigen in this condition. Factors that stimulate adipocyte differentiation and TSHr expression in the orbit in GO have yet to be defined...

..This process would be expected to result in expansion of the orbital adipose tissues and increased TSHR expression within the orbit...

..In addition, the former two cytokines may play a role in determining the extent to which the volume of the orbital adipose tissue increases in this condition...

..These findings suggest that IL-6 may play a role in the pathogenesis of GO by increasing expression of the putative autoantigen within the adipose/connective tissues of the orbit...

..Although widely used for more than 85 years, the efficacy of radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) has not been established convincingly...

..To assess the relationship between depressive relapse and change in thyroid function in an exploratory post hoc analysis from a controlled maintenance evaluation of bipolar I disorder...

..We suggest that the TSH receptor may be an important fibroblast autoantigen in GO and PTD, and that this mutant form of the receptor may have unique immunogenic properties...

..Future therapies for this condition may involve inhibition of thyrotropin receptor signaling in orbital fibroblasts...

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..In addition, the overexpression of IFN-gamma, without evidence of IL-4 or IL-5 expression, supports the concept that cell-mediated, rather than humoral, immunity plays the predominant role in pathogenesis of this disorder...

..It is possible that endogenous PPARgamma ligands play a role in stimulating orbital adipogenesis in GO, and that future treatments may be aimed at antagonism of various components of the PPARgamma signaling system...

..Radiation was directed to the orbits of 42 affected patients using 0.2 rad (20 Gy) delivered in 10 doses of 0.02 rad (2 Gy). Patients were periodically examined during a 3-year interval...

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..Although originally thought to represent another causative agent, antibodies to extraocular muscles are now generally thought to be secondary to extraocular muscle inflammation and damage...

..This may have clinical relevance as SCH patients are often elderly and may therefore have concurrent sarcopenia of aging and would represent a previously unrecognized complication of SCH...

..The presence of mRNA encoding TTF-1 in orbital tissues and cultures suggest that this transcription factor may play an important role in extrathyroidal, as it does in thyroidal, TSHR expression...

..The signs and symptoms of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) result from inflammation and increased volume of the orbital adipose tissues and extraocular muscles...

..Collectively, recent studies have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of GD and GO and have opened up potential new avenues for developing novel treatments for GD and GO...

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..Our purpose was to determine the clinical significance of diffusely increased (18)F-FDG uptake in the thyroid gland as an incidental finding on PET/CT...

..CONCLUSIONS: Transantral orbital decompression appeared to be effective in treating optic neuropathy of Graves disease. Patient satisfaction was high at 10-year and 20-year follow-up...

..In either case, the changes are of little clinical significance. Because it is neither effective nor innocuous, radiotherapy does not seem to be indicated for treatment of mild to moderate ophthalmopathy...

..Our studies will yield information concerning mechanisms involved in disease development, and will determine the effectiveness of a novel approach to therapy. ..

..Our studies will yield information concerning mechanisms involved in disease development, and will determine the effectiveness of a novel approach to therapy. ..

..Our studies will yield information concerning mechanisms involved in disease development, and will determine the effectiveness of a novel approach to therapy. ..

..The main goal of the research program is to increase understanding of the orbital immune response in GO in order that novel and more specific therapeutic and preventive strategies for this condition might be developed. ..

..The investigators believe these studies will enhance their understanding of disease pathogenesis which will translate into improve management strategies and eventually better clinical outcomes...

..Our studies will yield information concerning mechanisms involved in disease development, and will determine the effectiveness of a novel approach to therapy. ..