RICHARD STANLEY COOPER

..Large surveys now provide new information on this issue...

..To justify those claims in the arena of international health, an open discussion should take place on the potential lessons to be learned from the Cuban experience...

..However there are few empirical data to support the assertion that low levels of energy expenditure in activity is a causal factor in the current obesity epidemic are very limited...

..The aims of the current study were to investigate the associations between objectively measured PA and cardiovascular disease risk factors and obesity...

..To examine the rate of change across the spectrum of low to high-income countries we compared rates of weight change in samples drawn from three countries, Nigeria, Jamaica and the United States...

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..CONCLUSION : Our analysis suggests that inconsistent results in comparison to the previous report may be due to the different approaches, phenotype transformation, and different pedigree data used in the analyses...

..However, the Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 simulation data does not simulate population stratification. All analysis was done without knowledge of the answers...

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..Thus, meta-analysis can provide an overall evaluation of linkage and association when the original raw data is not available for combining...

..We studied alcoholism in 119 families collected by the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism and made available in Genetic Analysis Workshop 14, using genome-wide linkage and association analyses...

..It will be critical to obtain investments in improved surveillance and program-relevant research to provide the evidence base for policy development and effective hypertension prevention and control...

..Cuba provides an important exception, and we sought to use available data to offer insights into the changing patterns of CVD there...

..By ignoring its cultural meaning the reductionist narrative about race fails--both in the narrow terms of science and as a contribution to the broader social discourse...

..Study designs that make it possible to confirm these results with association analysis and narrow the genomic interval are needed in order to make progress in this field...

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..A large-scale social experiment is cited that gives some evidence on the effect of a population-wide downward shift in BMI...

..Great care will need to be devoted to generalizability of association findings to avoid their premature adoption as predictive tests in the face of this widespread heterogeneity...

..The primary aim of the analysis was to operationalize the concept of institutional racism in public health...

..To evaluate the association of angiotensinogen (AGT) gene with AGT level and hypertension based on the overall genetic variation of the AGT gene in among African-Americans...

..These results suggest that chromosome 6q24 and 21q21 may contain genes influencing risk of hypertension in African Americans...

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..The implication of this finding for national prevention strategies should be vigorously explored...

..Strong evidence for linkage at two of these regions, 2p14 and 3p14.1, have also been published in previous meta-analyses, making them good candidate locations for susceptibility variants...

..We sought to assess the relative importance of resting energy expenditure (REE) and activity EE (AEE) in two populations with different rates of obesity...

..The replication of linkage evidence using different ethnic groups reinforces the potential significance of this latter candidate region...

..Body composition data are presented by gender and age group. BIA was validated for use among Nigerian children and adults and provides a potentially important tool for research...

..Sugar-sweetened soda is a primary source of fructose. We therefore hypothesized that sugary soda consumption was associated with albuminuria, a sensitive marker for kidney disease...

..The relation between variation in interindividual levels of energy expenditure and weight gain remains controversial...

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..Our study confirms in an additional trait that rare variants can influence the distribution of complex traits; whether these variants can be captured by common SNPs or haplotypes requires further investigation...

..In our earlier genome-wide linkage study for BP in this population, strong linkage evidence was noted on chromosomes 6 and 7...

..The prevalence of obesity is higher among populations in industrialized than in developing countries...

..The proposed method can be effectively applied in the analysis of both qualitative and quantitative traits. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the method is valid in the presence of a population structure...

..In this review, the linkage disequilibrium among the polymorphisms within the four RAS genes and current association analyses involving the RAS are discussed, as well as some of the gaps of knowledge and possible solutions...

..Our results show that the sample size required to obtain 90% power to detect a putative mutant allele at a genomewide significance level of 5% can usually be achieved in practice if informative markers are available at a density of 2 cM...

..3) with a likelihood of odds of 2.96 (p = 0.08). Linkage evidence (likelihood of odds > 1) was detected on another three chromosomal regions, namely 2q12.1, 8q21.2, and 15p11.2...

..Low treatment and control rates in Europe, combined with a higher prevalence of hypertension, could contribute to a higher burden of cardiovascular disease risk attributable to elevated blood pressure compared with that in North America...

..Hypertension therefore is an important public health issue. Considerably more research and standardization of surveillance methods are required to realize the existing opportunities to reduce the global burden of CVDs...

..The interrelationship of REE with sympathetic tone, transmembrane ion exchange, or other metabolic processes that determine energy costs at rest could provide physiological explanations for this observation...

..The objectives were to identify quantitative trait loci linked to serum adiponectin concentration and to estimate heritability in two populations of African descent...

..These findings have implications for candidate-gene association studies and indicate that variation between populations of European and African origin in haplotype diversity is characteristic of most genes...

..46), which has been reported in two previous studies. Suggestive linkage (LOD>1) was found in another six regions in our combined analysis. Evidence for linkage for two of these regions (2p12, 20p11) has also been reported previously...

..In either situation, an efficient and accurate estimation procedure would be useful. Our method can be applied to any quadratic form statistic and therefore should be of general interest...

..Improvement in information technology, including an electronic medical record and on-line risk equations, will also be required before its full value can be realized...

..These data should help establish the genetic factors that underlie risk of hypertension and thereby contribute to an improved understanding of this important public health problem. ..

..The African diaspora creates a unique opportunity for these cross-cultural studies...

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..The resulting synthesis of ideas and amassed data permits rigorous hypothesis testing not otherwise possible and will hasten understanding of the previously elusive genetic variation responsible for disease risk. ..

..The full range of analytic tools, including segregation, linkage and cladistic analysis, will be used. ..

..Whether our project yields a "positive" or "negative" result in relation to the main goal of identifying an effective clinical method, the outcome will have far-reaching implications for health care policy in that region. ..

..These data should help establish the genetic factors that underlie risk of hypertension and thereby contribute to an improved understanding of this important public health problem. ..