R Cooper

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..K. Increases in risk have likewise been observed in the island nations of the Caribbean and in urban West Africa. To date, however, no systematic comparison of the geographic variation of NIDDM among black populations has been undertaken...

..In the absence of evidence to support the hypothesis, it is perhaps surprising that credence continues to be given to the notion of black exceptionalism. Am J..

..Recent findings related to the association between hypertension and polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen gene have generated new interest in this potential pathway to hypertension...

..We evaluated the association among the M235T and T174M variants of the angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, plasma AGT, and hypertension status in a sample of Nigerians...

..To determine the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) and associated mortality risk in a cohort of adult Nigerians followed from 1992 to 1997...

..These results confirm the high rates of chest pain experienced among black women, and provide insight into the role of psychological factors that should be considered in the identification of treatment options...

..To evaluate the association of angiotensinogen (AGT) gene with AGT level and hypertension based on the overall genetic variation of the AGT gene in among African-Americans...

..Large surveys now provide new information on this issue...

..Further association mapping under the linkage peaks will be required to refine the linkage evidence that has emerged from our analysis...

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..We compared voluntary participation and comprehension of informed consent among individuals of African ancestry enrolled in similarly designed genetic studies of hypertension in the United States and Nigeria...

..The objectives were to identify quantitative trait loci linked to serum adiponectin concentration and to estimate heritability in two populations of African descent...

..Blood pressure is directly and causally associated with body mass index (BMI) in populations worldwide. However, the relationship may vary across BMI in populations of African origin...

..0057 and .00023, respectively) was found on chromosome 1. Our results support the idea that BP regulation is most likely governed by multiple genetic loci, each with a relatively weak effect on BP in the population at large...

..The replication of linkage evidence using different ethnic groups reinforces the potential significance of this latter candidate region...

..Study designs that make it possible to confirm these results with association analysis and narrow the genomic interval are needed in order to make progress in this field...

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..The prevalence of obesity is higher among populations in industrialized than in developing countries...

..Improvement in information technology, including an electronic medical record and on-line risk equations, will also be required before its full value can be realized...

..The goal of this study was to investigate cross-sectional associations between features of neighborhoods and hypertension and to examine the sensitivity of results to various methods of estimating neighborhood conditions...

..Because the associated alleles in these genes are relatively common (frequency >5%), these three genes are important contributors to elevated BP in the population at large...

..This study was undertaken to provide estimates of heritability for four blood pressure phenotypes: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure...

..Isoprostanes were not significantly associated with IS or BCF (p-values>0.1). We concluded that isoprostanes may not be causally involved in the development of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance or deteriorating BCF...

..Cuba has a well-organized primary-care system and has made reduction of cardiovascular diseases a priority, particularly through detection and treatment of hypertension...

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..These data suggest that the corin I555(P568) allele represents a cardiac hypertrophy-sensitizing genetic locus in systemic hypertension...

..73 x 10(-4), OR = 1.36) and not in women. Variation in this pathway likely does not have a major influence on BMI, although small effects cannot be ruled out; NPY2R should be considered a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes in men...

..Because of the higher prevalence of risk factors for heart failure in blacks, including hypertension, obesity, and LV hypertrophy, we hypothesized that LV dysfunction would also be more common in this ethnic group...

..To examine the rate of change across the spectrum of low to high-income countries we compared rates of weight change in samples drawn from three countries, Nigeria, Jamaica and the United States...

..The probability of having inadequate control varies widely in the population and better understanding of the factors responsible could help to focus treatment strategies...

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..Despite these encouraging results, susceptibility loci for hypertension have been exceptionally difficult to localize and confirmation by independent studies will be necessary to establish these findings...

..These changes could have a significant impact on the risk of obesity-related morbidity in the general population...

..These results identify a common regulatory variation in SCG2 and implicate granin gene expression in the control of human blood pressure and susceptibility to hypertension...

..Strong evidence for linkage at two of these regions, 2p14 and 3p14.1, have also been published in previous meta-analyses, making them good candidate locations for susceptibility variants...

..8). We conclude that the T594M allele does not contribute significantly to BP in blacks and does not predict a significantly superior response to amiloride therapy...

..Moreover, the present study validates previous evidence for one or more genes on chromosome 2 that influence hypertension-related phenotypes in the population-at-large...

..Low treatment and control rates in Europe, combined with a higher prevalence of hypertension, could contribute to a higher burden of cardiovascular disease risk attributable to elevated blood pressure compared with that in North America...

..It will be critical to obtain investments in improved surveillance and program-relevant research to provide the evidence base for policy development and effective hypertension prevention and control...

..The implication of this finding for national prevention strategies should be vigorously explored...

..46), which has been reported in two previous studies. Suggestive linkage (LOD>1) was found in another six regions in our combined analysis. Evidence for linkage for two of these regions (2p12, 20p11) has also been reported previously...

..These findings have implications for candidate-gene association studies and indicate that variation between populations of European and African origin in haplotype diversity is characteristic of most genes...

..The networks used different family designs and targeted multiple ethnic groups, using standardized protocols and definitions. Linkage genome scans were done on samples within each network (N = 6245 relatives)...

..The interrelationship of REE with sympathetic tone, transmembrane ion exchange, or other metabolic processes that determine energy costs at rest could provide physiological explanations for this observation...

..We did observe, however, that the overtransmitted haplotypes among hypertensives were drawn from a single clade, suggesting that susceptibility may cluster in patterns not captured directly by our markers...

..3) with a likelihood of odds of 2.96 (p = 0.08). Linkage evidence (likelihood of odds > 1) was detected on another three chromosomal regions, namely 2q12.1, 8q21.2, and 15p11.2...

..The natriuretic peptide system contributes to blood pressure regulation. Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides are cleaved into smaller biologically active molecules by corin, a transmembrane serine protease expressed in cardiomyocytes...

..This study was undertaken to determine whether enalapril had comparable efficacy in black and white patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction (ALVD) in preventing the development of symptomatic heart failure (HF)...

..The ethnic differences in left ventricular mass are independent of differences in body composition...

..These results suggest that chromosome 6q24 and 21q21 may contain genes influencing risk of hypertension in African Americans...

..To evaluate the performance of the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHTR) in predicting incident diabetes in Jamaica...

..A significant linear correlation was detected between haplogroup genetic distance and AGT levels, suggesting a nonrandom accumulation of risk-associated mutations during the evolutionary history of the AGT gene...

..In this review, the linkage disequilibrium among the polymorphisms within the four RAS genes and current association analyses involving the RAS are discussed, as well as some of the gaps of knowledge and possible solutions...