S Tonstad

..We assessed the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in people following different types of vegetarian diets compared with that in nonvegetarians...

..To evaluate the relationship of diet to incident diabetes among non-Black and Black participants in the Adventist Health Study-2...

..Surinabant did not improve smoking cessation rates compared with placebo, but had a small effect on reducing post-cessation weight gain...

..Smoking cessation in diabetes therefore remains a highly relevant subject for further research...

..A review of placebo-controlled studies found that varenicline was not associated with self-reported neuropsychiatric symptoms, with the exception of sleep disorders. Data in smokers with psychiatric problems are limited...

..Varenicline is efficacious for smoking cessation, while cytisine has not been studied systematically. The efficacy of dianicline has not been previously tested in an adequately powered study...

..After weight loss surgery, the absolute risk of cardiovascular disease should be reassessed, but tools to facilitate risk assessment need to be developed...

..Improvements in assays for protein markers of inflammation have led to many studies on these factors and their roles in disease...

..Practical suggestions are made for implementing smoking cessation with varenicline...

..Although low dose colestipol effectively reduces low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, only a minority of adolescents adhered to the new formulation for one year. Folate and possibly vitamin D supplementation is recommended...

..5 % adjusted difference in mean IMT. These findings suggest that consumption of fruit and berries may be protective against carotid atherosclerosis in elderly men at high risk of CVD...

..We evaluated the effects of plant sterols from rapeseed and tall oils on serum lipids, lipoproteins, fat-soluble vitamins and plant sterol concentrations...

..B-mode ultrasonography may prove to be a useful tool in risk stratification of children with FH...

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..Because individuals with familial hyperlipidemias have an exceptionally high risk of premature CVD, we explored the relationship between tHcy and parental history of CVD in children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)...

..To test the long-term maintenance of lifestyle change, we examined diet and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects initially randomised to the control and intervention groups 20 years after cessation of the intervention...

..The study aim was to compare a low glycemic load (LGL) diet versus a low-fat diet in a trial with a moderately intense dietary intervention in subjects with varying degrees of metabolic syndrome...

..We asked whether under-reporting of energy and cigarette smoking were associated with choice of foods and dietary composition amongst subjects with hypercholesterolaemia who had received dietary instruction to lower serum cholesterol...

..This paper discusses the clinical implications of making a diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in children and data on psychosocial issues...

..The present study examined the effect of orlistat on dietary intake, especially fat intake, during long-term weight maintenance...

..To prospectively determine the effect of smoking cessation on markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation...

..No change was seen in the placebo group. Thus, low-dose combination therapy with lovastatin and colestipol, in conjunction with dietary treatment, is effective in moderate to severe primary hypercholesterolaemia, and is well tolerated...

..The objective of this study was to analyze whether maternal negative affectivity assessed in pregnancy is related with subsequent infant food choices...

..To assess the effect of an increased consumption of vegetables and fruit on body weight, risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and antioxidant defense in obese patients with sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD)...

..All preferred the tablets to resin granules they had tried previously. We conclude that low-dose colestipol tablets appear to be safe and effective, and are preferred by adolescents...

..We conclude that adherence to fat restriction among children treated for familial hypercholesterolemia is associated with increased micronutrient density, decreased energy density, and psychosocial factors that facilitate adherence...

..Drug treatment should be restricted to children who are at exceptionally high risk of disease, usually those with genetic dyslipidaemias...

..We examined the prevalence and factors associated with use of cholesterol-lowering statins in the population...

..009 and P=0.034). No effects on these parameters were observed in the antioxidant-rich diet group. This study suggest that intake of kiwifruit may have beneficial effects on BP and platelet aggregation in male smokers...

..Weight loss and lifestyle changes that have been shown to improve risk-factor profiles are crucial interventions and should be considered, even if standard risk calculators do not indicate an elevated cardiovascular risk...

..We found that carotid intima-media thickness and prevalence of plaque did not differ between children with familial hypercholesterolaemia who inherited FH maternally or paternally...

..Phase 3 studies have evaluated the effects of varenicline on inducing smoking cessation and maintaining smoking abstinence...

..To study the effect of an antiatherogenic diet on maternal and cord blood concentrations of systemic biomarkers of endothelial cell activation, haemostasis and inflammation...

..We evaluated mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD) and all causes in relation to use of any hormone therapy (HT) and HT with oestradiol and norethisterone or levonorgestrel...

..A food company has used data concerning the cholesterolemic effects of individual fatty acids, including trans fatty acids, to develop a commercially available and virtually trans-free margarine...

..Screening should be limited to children with suspected familial hypercholesterolaemia. Guidelines for individualized dietary and drug therapy are suggested...

..The majority of cigarette smokers who achieve abstinence relapse within the first year and require many attempts before achieving permanent abstinence. Evidence to support pharmacological treatment for relapse prevention is insufficient...

..In postmarketing surveillance, neuropsychiatric symptoms have appeared; however, their incidence and causal relationship to varenicline is not known...

..Short term studies show that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce LDL-cholesterol levels similarly in children and in adults. Thus, the drugs may be used in low dosages to treat some adolescents with exceptional risk of disease...

..To investigate the safety and efficacy of bupropion sustained release (bupropion SR) in promoting abstinence from smoking in subjects with cardiovascular disease (CVD)...

..Mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor ( MC4R) gene are the most frequent cause of monogenic forms of obesity, but the reported prevalences of mutations in obese individuals diverge, varying from 0.2 to 5.8%...

..004). These findings indicate that although smoking cessation is imperative for patients with premature CHD, the metabolic risks associated with overweight and obesity after cessation need to be addressed...

..Likewise, no differences were found between quitters and non-quitters whose baseline homocysteine concentrations were above the 75th percentile...

..We suggest that the child's sex, serum cholesterol level and family history of premature cardiovascular disease may be used to stratify risk. Children at exceptional high risk may be considered for pharmacological treatment...

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..The study showed a significant reduction in ischemic heart disease (IHD) events in the intervention group...

..This review discusses the role of rimonabant, a cannabinoid receptor 1 blocker, which has undergone Phase III clinical testing, in the treatment of obesity and tobacco dependence...

..The aim was to evaluate total and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in relation to use of oral contraceptives (OC) in a cohort of women with a relatively high prevalence of smoking and high serum lipid levels...

..Beyond randomised clinical trials, the effectiveness of bupropion has been shown in clinical practice and managed-care settings...

..05 between groups). These findings indicate that dietary modification and smoking cessation are feasible in young adults with familial premature CHD and document novel mechanisms by which lifestyle modification may reduce CHD risk...

..We aimed to assess the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in LXRβ and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and related traits in 3 separate cohort studies...

..Lifestyle factors including body mass index, dietary sucrose, smoking, and hormones were associated with levels of the markers independent of sex with body mass index being the most prominent factor...

..To test the association between body mass index (BMI) and other coronary risk factors and the risk of a fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) event in different time periods during follow-up...

..Guidelines recommend follow-up of people whose 10-year risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is > 10%. We calculated CHD risk, number of risk factors and occurrence of the metabolic syndrome among screened 40-year-old men and women...

..Use of the IUD with levonorgestrel was also linked with a decreased risk of high serum triglycerides and of high non-HDL-cholesterol concentrations and a total/HDL-cholesterol ratio similar to that of nonusers of hormones...

..To examine determinants of control of high blood pressure in Oslo, Norway...

..In conclusion, a postulated protective effect of increased water or fluid intake is not explained by a change in blood viscosity and increased fluid intake does not influence CVD risk factors in the short term...

..In conclusion, topiramate produced clinically relevant effects in reducing body weight and BP, with generally mild to moderate adverse effects...

..To study the risk-factor profile for the incidence of non-fatal and fatal stroke among middle-aged men according to the stroke subtypes subarachnoid or intracerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and unspecified stroke...

..To examine the effect of orlistat on dietary restraint, disinhibition, hunger, and binge eating and to understand the relation between changes in eating behavior and weight maintenance...

..These findings suggest that weight cycling may predict forearm fracture in elderly men and indicate that the potentially harmful effects of weight cycling are related to the number of episodes occurring at ages 25-50 years...

..Both nicotine replacement and bupropion have been shown to be well tolerated in populations with cardiovascular disease...

..Hypertension often clusters with metabolic risk factors and its optimal treatment may involve a number of changes in lifestyle. Nurse-led care regarding lifestyle change may improve outcomes in cardiovascular disease prevention involving...

..The dose response of soy protein has not been established; neither has its effect on plasma total homocysteine...

..67 (95 % CI 0.54, 0.83)). In obese subjects with metabolic risk factors, intake of sweets, desserts and snacks, bread and dietary restraint were determinants of reporting accuracy...