Jerrold Petrofsky

..The purpose of this study was to examine the electroencephalogram (EEG) during common sensorimotor and balance training tasks and to relate these to task difficulty...

..This review examines the main techniques to assess blood flow, the factors that alter blood flow in the skin, and how aging and diabetes affect blood flow. Recommendations for the measurement of resting blood flow are presented...

..With variable air temperatures and humidity's around the world, this, in many ways, is a more realistic assessment of environmental impact than previous water bath studies...

..Endothelial function is known to be impaired in response to heat in people with diabetes, but little has been done to see how air humidity alters the skin blood flow response to heat...

..The reaction of vascular endothelial cells to occlusion and heat in Southeast Asian Indians (SAI) compared to Caucasians (C) has not been studied, although genetic differences are found in endothelial cells between the races...

..However, it this effect due to ES alone or both heating and ES? The aim of the present study was to deduce the individual roles of heat and ES in the healing of chronic wounds...

..If true, reducing moisture in the skin might have the effect of altering ionic flux through these receptors. A correct model of skin heat flux should therefore take heat moisture content into consideration...

..We observed that the greater the impairment in heat transfer to muscle from skin covered by body fat, the warmer the skin temperature increase during the modality...

..In the present investigation, these studies were expanded to look at the response of the hand, back, and foot to applied pressure...

..However, the interrelationships between skin thickness, subcutaneous fat, and skin blood flow in determining the heat dissipation characteristics of the skin have not been investigated...

..However, while much has been published on impairment of the autonomic nervous system, much less has been published on the interrelationship between autonomic damage and exercise...

..Cold packs and hot packs were very ineffective in changing muscle temperature under these same conditions. Body fat plays a major role, as did limb blood flow in controlling the movement of heat across the limb...

..05). Thus, with a set increase in skin temperature, moist heat was a better heating modality than dry heat. The reason may be linked to moisture sensitivity in calcium channels in the vascular endothelial cell...

..This device should have useful applications in assessing motor impairments and sensory and autonomic impairments in a variety of conditions...

..This filtering effect, while allowing sine wave stimulation to pass to the muscle, reduced power transfer in square wave, Russian and interferential stimulation is observed...

..Since these are important determinates of heat dissipation by the skin, these parameters also need to be examined in people with diabetes...

..The present investigation was undertaken to determine if the extent of damage from aging and diabetes could be accurately assessed by simply examining the electrodermal skin response (galvanic skin resistance) to a thermal stress...

..7 +/- 11.4 flux if the moisture of the water was blocked. Thus, a substantial portion of the increase in skin blood flow associated with warm water therapy is probably associated with moisturizing of the skin rather than the heat itself...

..Finally, because of multiple organ damage, people with T2DM have poor balance and gait and impaired exercise performance...

..Thus, a consequence of ageing is reduced excess BF in response to thermal stress increasing susceptibility to thermal damage. This must be considered in modelling of BF...

..Although the best preventive measure for diabetes and for maintaining a low hemoglobin A1c is exercise, muscle soreness is common in people with diabetes. For people with diabetes, DOMS is rarely reported in exercise studies...

..Skin blood flow and skin temperature were monitored over the 6-min period...

..While heat flow has been studied after applying a single heat exposure, the physiology of repeated exposures to local heat has not been well investigated...

..It is not sustained heat, however, that usually causes burns; it is a more rapid application of heat...

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..To understand the heat transfer properties of the skin in different parts of the body and how it is altered by skin blood flow, age, and glycemic control, a new device was developed...

..Balance is impaired in the elderly and people with diabetes. However, the effect of attempted balance on the autonomic nervous system has not been investigated...

..This may be very important when devices such as heat packs are worn during the day under the belt because their safety relies on appropriate skin blood flow to dissipate the heat; in diabetes populations burns have been seen...

..Thus a multi-channel electrical stimulation system is more effective than a 2-electrode system...

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..The present investigation examined the heat dissipating properties of the skin in older individuals. This study has importance for the therapeutic application of hot packs which might cause burns easier in older people...

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..Limb blood flow and skin and deep tissue temperature change during the menstrual cycle. However, the impact of these changes on isometric exercise performance has not been investigated...

..Recent data show that endothelial function is improved in people with diabetes with moist heat. Little is known about 'how' moist heat must be or the mechanisms on why moist heat triggers a better blood flow response than dry heat...

..Patients with diabetes do not show a vascular response to contrast bath therapy. The BF response to contrast temperatures may be a good diagnostic test for diabetic vascular impairment...

..Electrical stimulation (ES) is a commonly used modality in physical therapy for treating wounds such as diabetic ulcers and pressure sores but the mechanism of its effect on skin blood flow (BF) has not been determined...

..However, global heating is impractical in many therapeutic environments, and therefore in the present investigation the effect of global heat versus using a local heat source to warm the wound was investigated...

..In conclusion, there is a causal relationship between skin blood flow, the thickness of the fat layer below the skin, and the current required to stimulate the muscle...

..The use of sine wave stimulation with electrode separation distances of less then 15 cm is recommended for electrical stimulation with a sine wave to achieve deep muscle stimulation...

..While it is well documented that diabetes impairs the microcirculation, its effect on isometric exercise has not been determined...

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..The present investigation examined the interrelationships between 3 factors known to effect skin blood flow (global heat, local heat and electrical stimulation) to see how they interacted...

..Sympathetic vasoconstriction activity was altered by global heating...

..Current dispersion on the skin and in the quadriceps muscle was compared between the conventional two-electrode and three-electrode systems in controls and tested for its ability to heal chronic wounds in people with diabetes...

..To assess nerve damage, latency was measured for sensory nerves in the foot...

..Both endothelial cell function and autonomic function are influenced by age. However, the interrelationships between the 2 have not been carefully examined...

..The free radical concentration after a HF meal has not been examined in Asians. Further the BFR to heat after a single HF meal in Koreans has not been measured...

..An insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone(RSG) has promise to reverse some of the circulatory impairments seen in diabetes. The hypothesis to be tested was if RSG would improve gait in patients with diabetes...

..Impaired orthostatic tolerance, impaired vision and vestibular sensing, causes poor balance and impaired gait. Overall, people with T2D must be made aware and counseled relative to the potential consequence of these impairments...

..These findings suggest that a single HF meal may contribute to the detrimental effects on vascular health in Asian males and raises speculation regarding the cumulative impact of a chronic HF diet in this population...

..While wounds heal more quickly when electrical stimulation (ES) is applied, few studies have examined blood flow (BF) in and around wounds during ES in controls with no wounds compared to wounds in diabetic and non diabetic subjects...

..The purpose of this investigation was to determine if blood flow would increase with ES in a physically active older population without wounds in a warm environment...

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..The aim of this study was to see if there were any differences in endothelial function between Koreans and Caucasians...

..Diabetes is often associated with orthostatic hypotension and temperature intolerance. Studies have examined either one stress or the other and not both to see if the stresses are additive...

..6 min per week. The results of these experiments seem to show a clear advantage of weight training concurrently and before FES cycle ergometry. Results are given as mean (SD)...

..While sweat production in response to heat is impaired in people with diabetes, sweat production has not been examined during isometric exercise...

..The hypothesis to be tested was if administration of rosiglitazone would increase heat tolerance in people with diabetes...

..Balance and gait are both impaired in people with diabetes but no study has examined both in the same subjects in people either with or even without diabetes or related these to room lighting...

..The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of short-duration, high-intensity, isometric weight bearing exercise (vibration exercise [VE]) and vibration only on skin blood flow (SBF)...

..In contrast, heart rate changed little with age during contractions of the quadriceps muscle in paraplegics which were induced by electrical stimulation...

..These findings suggest that at least some of the increased joint movement during walking in people with diabetes is likely neurological in origin and not related to muscle weakness or loss of sensation in the feet...

..Recently, researchers have demonstrated that Whole Body Vibration (WBV) results in significant increases in skin blood flow (SBF). No study has determined if a specific frequency or a specific duration is better at optimizing SBF...