MARK SEBASTIAN SULKOWSKI

Summary

Affiliation: Johns Hopkins University
Country: USA

Publications

  1. ncbi Treatment algorithm for the management of hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 319, Baltimore, MD 21287 0003, USA
    J Hepatol 44:S49-55. 2006
  2. ncbi Epoetin alfa once weekly improves anemia in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients treated with interferon/ribavirin: a randomized controlled trial
    Mark S Sulkowski
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 39:504-6. 2005
  3. ncbi Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection
    M S Sulkowski
    Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    JAMA 283:74-80. 2000
  4. ncbi Anemia in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Center for Viral Hepatitis, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 37:S315-22. 2003
  5. ncbi Therapy insight: Management of hepatitis C in patients coinfected with HIV
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Viral Hepatitis Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287 0003, USA
    Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:223-31. 2005
  6. ncbi Drug-induced liver injury associated with antiretroviral therapy that includes HIV-1 protease inhibitors
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 0003, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 38:S90-7. 2004
  7. ncbi Daily versus thrice-weekly interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected persons: a multicenter randomized controlled trial
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35:464-72. 2004
  8. ncbi Management of the hematologic complications of hepatitis C therapy
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Viral Hepatitis Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, 1830 Building, Room 448, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    Clin Liver Dis 9:601-16, vi. 2005
  9. ncbi Changes in haemoglobin during interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection
    M S Sulkowski
    Viral Hepatitis Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Viral Hepat 11:243-50. 2004
  10. ncbi Hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 319, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 1:128-35. 2004

Research Grants

  1. Management/Hepatitis C/HIV-infected and Uninfected IDU's
    Mark Sulkowski; Fiscal Year: 2007
  2. HCV Disease Management in HIV- HCV Coinfected IDUs
    Mark Sulkowski; Fiscal Year: 2009
  3. HCV Disease Management in HIV- HCV Coinfected IDUs
    MARK SEBASTIAN SULKOWSKI; Fiscal Year: 2010

Detail Information

Publications53

  1. ncbi Treatment algorithm for the management of hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected persons
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 319, Baltimore, MD 21287 0003, USA
    J Hepatol 44:S49-55. 2006
    ..Although, the available data has led to consensus among experts regarding the need to medically manage HCV disease in HIV-infected persons, uncertainty remains regarding the best treatment algorithm for coinfected patients...
  2. ncbi Epoetin alfa once weekly improves anemia in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients treated with interferon/ribavirin: a randomized controlled trial
    Mark S Sulkowski
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 39:504-6. 2005
  3. ncbi Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection
    M S Sulkowski
    Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Schools of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    JAMA 283:74-80. 2000
    ..Use of antiretroviral drugs, including protease inhibitors, for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been anecdotally associated with hepatotoxicity, particularly in persons coinfected with hepatitis C or B virus...
  4. ncbi Anemia in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Center for Viral Hepatitis, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 37:S315-22. 2003
    ..Higher RBV doses and adherence to HCV therapy have been associated with higher sustained virologic response (SVR) rates. Maintenance of RBV dose with epoetin alfa may improve adherence, thereby affecting SVR...
  5. ncbi Therapy insight: Management of hepatitis C in patients coinfected with HIV
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Viral Hepatitis Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287 0003, USA
    Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:223-31. 2005
    ..This review considers the management of HCV infection in HIV-infected patients...
  6. ncbi Drug-induced liver injury associated with antiretroviral therapy that includes HIV-1 protease inhibitors
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 0003, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 38:S90-7. 2004
    ..Clearly, further research is needed to define the interaction of PIs and chronic viral hepatitis in the development of DILI...
  7. ncbi Daily versus thrice-weekly interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected persons: a multicenter randomized controlled trial
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35:464-72. 2004
    ..In conclusion, SVR was achieved in 19% of HIV/HCV coinfected subjects treated with daily IFN plus RBV, but the effectiveness of therapy was substantially diminished by relatively high rates of treatment-related toxicity...
  8. ncbi Management of the hematologic complications of hepatitis C therapy
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Viral Hepatitis Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, 1830 Building, Room 448, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    Clin Liver Dis 9:601-16, vi. 2005
    ..Consensus guidelines are in place for treating chronic hepatitis C virus infection. This article highlights some of the hematologic complications of hepatitis C therapy. Management options are presented...
  9. ncbi Changes in haemoglobin during interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection
    M S Sulkowski
    Viral Hepatitis Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Viral Hepat 11:243-50. 2004
    ..Further research is needed to determine the impact on virological response and to develop strategies to manage the medical consequences...
  10. ncbi Hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 319, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 1:128-35. 2004
    ..This review focuses on the epidemiology, natural history, and management of HCV in the HIV-infected patient...
  11. ncbi Perspectives on HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection, illicit drug use and mental illness
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-0003, USA
    AIDS 19:S8-12. 2005
  12. ncbi Hepatotoxicity associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimens with or without concurrent ritonavir
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    AIDS 18:2277-84. 2004
    ....
  13. ncbi Specific targeted antiviral therapy for hepatitis C
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, 1830 Building, Room 448, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    Curr Gastroenterol Rep 9:5-13. 2007
    ..This review focuses on hepatitis C protease and polymerase inhibitors that have progressed to phase II clinical development, foreshadowing the era of STAT-Cs...
  14. ncbi Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy containing HIV-1 protease inhibitors
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
    Semin Liver Dis 23:183-94. 2003
    ..Further research is needed to understand the etiopathogenesis of PI-associated liver injury, particularly among patients with hepatitis B or C infection...
  15. ncbi Hepatitis C virus infection as an opportunistic disease in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    M S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 30:S77-84. 2000
    ..Strategies to prevent primary HCV infection and to modify the progression of HCV-related liver disease are urgently needed for HIV-HCV-coinfected individuals...
  16. ncbi Hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine or efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy: role of hepatitis C and B infections
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
    Hepatology 35:182-9. 2002
    ..Severe hepatotoxicity occurs throughout the course of NNRTI therapy and is more common among patients prescribed nevirapine, those coinfected with HCV or HBV, and those coadministered protease inhibitors...
  17. ncbi Peginterferon-alpha-2a (40kD) and ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a phase II open-label study
    Mark Sulkowski
    The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Rm 448, Baltimore, MD 21267 0003, USA
    BioDrugs 16:105-9. 2002
    ..We conducted a phase II study to assess the safety and initial efficacy of peginterferon-alpha-2a (40kD) plus ribavirin combination therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC)...
  18. ncbi Peginterferon alfa-2a does not alter the pharmacokinetics of methadone in patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing methadone maintenance therapy
    Mark Sulkowski
    Viral Hepatitis Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 E Monument St, Room 448, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Clin Pharmacol Ther 77:214-24. 2005
    ..Our objective was to quantify the pharmacokinetics of methadone and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peginterferon alfa-2a (40 kd) in patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing methadone maintenance therapy...
  19. ncbi Hepatitis C and progression of HIV disease
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St, Room 448, Baltimore, MD 21287 0003, USA
    JAMA 288:199-206. 2002
    ..Conflicting reports exist regarding the effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease...
  20. ncbi Hepatic steatosis and antiretroviral drug use among adults coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Division of Infectious Diseases Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
    AIDS 19:585-92. 2005
    ....
  21. ncbi The HIV-coinfected patient: managing viral hepatitis
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 45:S36-7. 2007
  22. ncbi Therapeutic issues in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients
    M S Sulkowski
    Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 0003, USA
    J Viral Hepat 14:371-86. 2007
    ..This article reviews the peer-reviewed literature and expert opinion published from 1990 to 2005, and compares results with presentations and recommendations from the Consensus Conference to best present current issues in coinfection...
  23. ncbi Needlestick transmission of hepatitis C
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 424 N Bond St, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
    JAMA 287:2406-13. 2002
    ..These data underscore the importance of identifying persons with acute HCV infection and promptly referring them to experienced clinicians who can provide updated counseling and treatment...
  24. ncbi Serum cholesterol and statin use predict virological response to peginterferon and ribavirin therapy
    Stephen A Harrison
    Department of Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
    Hepatology 52:864-74. 2010
    ..Prospective studies may be considered to explore the biological impact of these factors on HCV RNA replication and treatment response...
  25. ncbi Treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review
    Geetanjali Chander
    Department of Medicine and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    Hepatology 36:S135-44. 2002
    ..Thus, the combination of peginterferon and ribavirin was the most efficacious treatment in patients with HCV genotype 1. Long-term outcomes were improved in patients with hepatitis C who achieved an SVR with treatment...
  26. ncbi Hepatitis C in the HIV-infected patient
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Viral Hepatitis Section, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Suite 102, 424 North Bond Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
    Clin Liver Dis 7:179-94. 2003
    ..Future efforts should include prospective studies that demonstrate the natural history and optimal management of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, including the feasibility of liver transplantation...
  27. ncbi The effect of antiretroviral therapy on liver disease among adults with HIV and hepatitis C coinfection
    Shruti H Mehta
    Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205-0003, USA
    Hepatology 41:123-31. 2005
    ..Recognition of bridging fibrosis and cirrhosis in some but not most patients underscores the importance of identifying and treating liver disease in HIV/HCV coinfected persons...
  28. ncbi Lessons from HIV therapy applied to viral hepatitis therapy: summary of a workshop
    Alexander Monto
    Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
    Am J Gastroenterol 105:989-1004; quiz 988, 1005. 2010
    ..This article summarizes that conference...
  29. ncbi The effect of HAART and HCV infection on the development of hyperglycemia among HIV-infected persons
    Shruti H Mehta
    Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 33:577-84. 2003
    ..CONCLUSION: In this urban HIV cohort, the risk of hyperglycemia was increased in HCV-coinfected patients and those prescribed a PI...
  30. ncbi Detection of liver disease in injection drug users
    David L Thomas
    Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1503 East Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
    J Addict Dis 27:19-24. 2008
    ....
  31. ncbi Hepatitis C in the HIV-Infected Person
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Division of Infections Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 448, Baltimore, MD 21287-0003, USA
    Ann Intern Med 138:197-207. 2003
    ..Such efforts will help to eliminate HCV-related liver disease as an emerging threat to HIV-infected persons...
  32. ncbi Needlestick injuries among surgeons in training
    Martin A Makary
    Center for Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Quality and Safety Research Group, Baltimore 21231, USA
    N Engl J Med 356:2693-9. 2007
    ..Surgeons in training are at high risk for needlestick injuries. The reporting of such injuries is a critical step in initiating early prophylaxis or treatment...
  33. ncbi Rapid fibrosis progression among HIV/hepatitis C virus-co-infected adults
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
    AIDS 21:2209-16. 2007
    ....
  34. ncbi Antiretroviral therapy using zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz in South Africa: tolerability and clinical events
    Christopher J Hoffmann
    Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
    AIDS 22:67-74. 2008
    ..To describe the safety and tolerability of zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz in a low-income setting...
  35. ncbi Viral hepatitis and HIV coinfection
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, 1830 Building, Room 448, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    J Hepatol 48:353-67. 2008
    ..Current approaches to management of HIV-infected persons coinfected with HBV or HCV are discussed in this review...
  36. ncbi Management of hepatic complications in HIV-infected persons
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    J Infect Dis 197:S279-93. 2008
    ..Despite the complexity and potential for antiretroviral-associated hepatotoxicity, ART usually is safe for patients with viral hepatitis coinfection, and, in some cases, treatment for HIV infection may be beneficial for the liver...
  37. ncbi Hepatic steatosis associated with increased central body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and uncontrolled HIV in HIV/hepatitis C co-infected persons
    Todd T Brown
    Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA
    AIDS 24:811-7. 2010
    ..To evaluate the relationship between regional body composition and liver disease (fibrosis or steatosis) in HIV/HCV co-infected individuals...
  38. ncbi Hepatitis C virus treatment-related anemia is associated with higher sustained virologic response rate
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287 0003, USA
    Gastroenterology 139:1602-11, 1611.e1. 2010
    ..We investigated the relationships among treatment outcomes, anemia, and their management with RBV dose reduction and/or erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs)...
  39. ncbi Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in HIV-infected persons: thinking outside the black box
    Chloe L Thio
    Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 41:1035-40. 2005
  40. ncbi Epidemiology and natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users: implications for treatment
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
    Clin Infect Dis 40:S263-9. 2005
    ..Solutions to the problem of HCV infection among IDUs must account for these facts...
  41. ncbi Antiretroviral-associated liver injury
    Anthony O Ogedegbe
    Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 448, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
    Clin Liver Dis 7:475-99. 2003
    ....
  42. ncbi A framework for understanding factors that affect access and utilization of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among HCV-mono-infected and HIV/HCV-co-infected injection drug users
    Shruti H Mehta
    Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
    AIDS 19:S179-89. 2005
    ....
  43. ncbi Limited effectiveness of antiviral treatment for hepatitis C in an urban HIV clinic
    Shruti H Mehta
    Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
    AIDS 20:2361-9. 2006
    ..New therapies and treatment strategies are an urgent medical need...
  44. ncbi Regression of splenic lymphoma after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection
    Leisha A Emens
    N Engl J Med 347:2168-70; author reply 2168-70. 2002
  45. ncbi Epoetin alfa improves quality of life in anemic HCV-infected patients receiving combination therapy
    Paul J Pockros
    Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
    Hepatology 40:1450-8. 2004
    ..Hb improvement was an independent predictor of HRQL improvement in these patients. In conclusion, epoetin alfa provided clinically significant HRQL improvement in HCV-infected patients receiving IFN/RBV therapy...
  46. ncbi Epoetin alfa maintains ribavirin dose in HCV-infected patients: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study
    Nezam H Afdhal
    Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
    Gastroenterology 126:1302-11. 2004
    ..This study assessed whether epoetin alfa could maintain RBV dose, improve quality of life (QOL), and increase hemoglobin (Hb) in anemic HCV-infected patients...
  47. ncbi Defining the standard of care: randomized controlled trials for the treatment of hepatitis C in the HIV-infected person
    Mark S Sulkowski
    Hepatology 39:906-8. 2004
  48. ncbi Hepatitis C virus in the setting of HIV or hepatitis B virus coinfection
    Richard K Sterling
    Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
    Semin Liver Dis 24:61-8. 2004
    ....
  49. ncbi Once-weekly epoetin alfa improves anemia and facilitates maintenance of ribavirin dosing in hepatitis C virus-infected patients receiving ribavirin plus interferon alfa
    Douglas T Dieterich
    Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
    Am J Gastroenterol 98:2491-9. 2003
    ..Further research is warranted to determine the potential impact on outcomes, including quality of life and sustained viral response rate...
  50. ncbi A Phase I/II study evaluating escalating doses of recombinant human albumin-interferon-alpha fusion protein in chronic hepatitis C patients who have failed previous interferon-alpha-based therapy
    Vijayan Balan
    Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
    Antivir Ther 11:35-45. 2006
    ..These results support further clinical studies of albumin-IFN-alpha for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C...
  51. ncbi Cost-effectiveness of peginterferon alfa-2a (40kDa) plus ribavirin in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus co-infection
    John Hornberger
    The SPHERE Institute Acumen, LLC, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
    J Clin Virol 36:283-91. 2006
    ..The cost-effectiveness of treating these patients with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin has yet to be explored from a US societal perspective...
  52. ncbi Modulation of interferon-specific gene expression by albumin-interferon-alpha in interferon-alpha-experienced patients with chronic hepatitis C
    Vijayan Balan
    Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
    Antivir Ther 11:901-8. 2006
    ..05). In conclusion, alb-IFN demonstrated robust induction of ISG that was consistent with the response associated with an IFN-alpha...
  53. ncbi Presentation and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-infected patients: a U.S.-Canadian multicenter study
    Norbert Brau
    Bronx Veterans Affairs VA Medical Center, Infectious Disease Section 111F, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
    J Hepatol 47:527-37. 2007
    ..HIV-infected patients now live longer and often have complications of liver disease, especially with hepatitis B or C virus coinfection. Limited data are available on those with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)...

Research Grants8

  1. Management/Hepatitis C/HIV-infected and Uninfected IDU's
    Mark Sulkowski; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..abstract_text> ..
  2. HCV Disease Management in HIV- HCV Coinfected IDUs
    Mark Sulkowski; Fiscal Year: 2009
    ..This research applies two highly innovative interventions, transient elastography and contingent behavioral reinforcement, to the evaluation and management of persons with HIV/HCV coinfection. ..
  3. HCV Disease Management in HIV- HCV Coinfected IDUs
    MARK SEBASTIAN SULKOWSKI; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..This research applies two highly innovative interventions, transient elastography and contingent behavioral reinforcement, to the evaluation and management of persons with HIV/HCV coinfection. ..