Armando E Gonzalez

..Second-hand transmission of T. solium eggs could explain the overdispersed pattern of porcine cysticercosis, with few pigs harbouring heavy parasite burdens and many more harbouring small numbers of parasites...

..We assessed the clustering patterns of Taenia solium human cysticercosis seropositivity and seizures around tapeworm carriers in seven rural communities in Peru...

..005). In rural areas, swine cysticercosis occurs in high-risk hotspots around carriers where control interventions could be delivered...

..Serological assays are used to detect circulating Taenia solium antigens or anti-T. solium antibodies in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. There are no guidelines on whether to use serum or CSF specimens for a particular assay...

..Controlled data on the efficacy and acceptability of the different interventions is urgently needed to provide a base-line schematic for intervention which could later be tailored to each particular endemic scenario...

..solium tapeworms, or dogs infected with Echinococcus granulosus. The OAs are stage and species specific to T. solium and antibodies to OAs are usually present in tapeworm carriers...

..We determined the effects of high dose of Oxfendazole (OXF), combination Oxfendazole/Praziquantel (PZQ), and combination Albendazole (ABZ)/Praziquantel against CE in sheep...

..We confirm that CE is highly endemic to Peru and emphasize the limited performance of available serologic assays in the field...

..This route of transmission opens new avenues for consideration with respect to control strategies...

..The G1 genotype was most frequently found in human cases of cystic hydatid disease (CHD) in Peru. Local control measures should focus primarily on decreasing dog and sheep infection rather than intermediate reservoirs...

..Advances in the control of taeniasis/cysticercosis in our country open the road towards its elimination and potential eradication...

..6-61.2%) against lung cysts and liver cysts (91.8-100%) than any other treatment group. OXF might be an additional strategy for control programs and an optional treatment of human CE after it is licensed...

..A recombinant subunit vaccine based on oncosphere antigens has the potential to improve the available control measures for T. solium and thereby reduce or eliminate neurocysticercosis...

..Previously reported epilepsy incidences range from 30 to 50/100,000 people in industrialized countries and 90 to 122/100,000 people in developing countries...

..solium tapeworm carriers (N = 28), with a J index of 0.96. This simple ELISA incorporating anti-adult somatic and anti-adult ES antibodies provides the first potentially species-specific coproantigen test for human T. solium taeniasis...

..Four cestodes were studied and identified as S. erinacei. This is the first report showing that the Andean hog-nosed skunk is one of the natural hosts for this parasite...

..0001) in the EPS group. Furthermore, 42 of 68 (62%) individuals receiving EPS excreted identifiable gravid proglottids. EPS treatment helps the visual identification of Taenia spp...

..Antigen levels in paired serum/urine samples (evaluated in 19 patients) were strongly correlated. Non-invasive urine testing for T. solium antigens provides a useful alternative for NCC diagnosis...

..Efforts to control and eliminate this disease are underway through antiparasitic treatment of endemic populations, development of pig vaccines, and other measures...

..Understanding of the main clinical presentations (dependent on number, location, size, and stage of parasites, as well as on the immune response of the host) allows a better view of treatment options and expected outcomes...

..Cyst status in terms of complications should be described to allow appropriate assessment of serologic evaluations...

..Neurocysticercosis is the main cause of adult-onset seizures in the developing world. Whether therapy with antiparasitic agents results in improved seizure control has been questioned because of the lack of adequate, controlled studies...

..However, mutation of the virus can result in highly pathogenic strains, often more common among H5 and H7 genotypes. We report the isolation of a low-pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza in a Peruvian wetland...

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..In order to ensure sustainability, any given control strategy towards elimination/eradication of porcine cysticercosis should incorporate economic incentives...

..Besides confirming the close relationship between taeniasis and cysticercosis cases, this large-scale field study demonstrated early age of tapeworm and cysticercosis infections in humans, and short duration of taeniasis infections...

..granulosus; nevertheless there is not any previous report that explore the association between household characteristics and the presence of the disease among household members...

..Only 6 of 13 had visible calcifications on X-ray. Thigh CT scans can demonstrate muscle calcifications in a significant proportion of patients with calcified neurocysticercosis...

..Four tapeworms were collected and identified as M. expansa. This is the first report of M. expansa collected in a domestic pig in Perú...

..A total of 22 P. clavatus were collected and examined from these two snakes. This is the first report of P. clavatus in Peru. The morphology of the parasites and the possible importance in public and animal health are discussed...

..Six additional cestodes were studied and identified as B. mucronata. This finding constitutes the first report of the cestode in Peru and demonstrates that C. oenanthe is a new definitive host for this parasite...

..The 9 isolates recovered represented 4 low-pathogenicity avian influenza strains: subtypes H3N8, H4N5, H10N9, and H13N2...

..The isolates belong to a livestock-associated lineage previously reported in North America and Europe, CC398, and a highly virulent USA300-like ST8-IV variant, which is the predominant community-associated lineage in Latin America...

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..In summary, our data demonstrate that TsAg induces chemokine secretion via specific pathways dependent on NF-kappaB but not TLR-4/TLR-2, and indicate a potential mechanism whereby larval degeneration results in brain inflammation...

..This study describes the first reliable oncosphere-killing assays for T. pisiformis, T. ovis, T. saginata, and T. solium. These assays will be used for further research into the optimization of recombinant vaccines against cysticercosis...

..The hIgG standard curve has proven a critical tool for the comparison of several diagnostic antigens slated for assay development...

..Only two pigs out of eight vaccinated were protected and although the total median number of cyst decreased in vaccinated pigs compared to controls this decrease was not statistically significant (P = 0.09)...

..The Tso31 nested PCR described here might be a useful tool for the early diagnosis and prevention of taeniasis/cysticercosis...

..The sensitivity and specificity of all four of these antigens using the ELISA format were well below the standards set by the LLGP EITB, whereas results of the Western blot format closely mirrored those of the LLGP EITB...

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..The prevalence of tapeworm infections in this housemaid group is similar to levels in endemic areas, constituting a source of neurocysticercosis infection...

..Such chemokine secretion is NF-kappaB dependent, likely to involve AP-1, and is regulated in a paracrine loop by monocyte-derived TNF-alpha...

..Incorporation of these new measures could increase the efficiency of hydatid control programmes, potentially reducing the time required to achieve effective prevention of disease transmission to as little as 5-10 years...

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..The quantification limit was 5 ng/mL and the linear range was 5-2500 ng/mL for all analytes. The method was used for the determination of drug and metabolites in swine plasma samples and proved to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies...

..To determine the prevalence of epilepsy and the role of neurocysticercosis in the occurrence of epilepsy in Atahualpa...