H S Sader

..National and international surveillance programs as a guide to focusing intervention strategies should assist in the control of escalating antimicrobial resistance in this geographic area...

..The escalating occurrence (0.35%) of serine carbapenemases could compromise the role of carbapenems and other beta-lactams in USA clinical practice although observed in only a few locations to date...

..In summary, daptomycin exhibited species-specific activity among CoNS, especially versus S. sciuri. No correlation between decreased susceptibility to daptomycin and the glycopeptides tested was observed...

..The results also indicate that ceftaroline is highly active against MSSA and MRSA isolated from US medical centers, independent of patient age group...

..We evaluated the activity of BC-3781 against organisms responsible for community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTIs)...

..12/2 μg/ml). Compared with other antibiotics in use for the treatment of ABSSSI, BC-3781 displayed the lowest MICs and only a minimal potential for cross-resistance with other antimicrobial classes...

..The first reports of VRE isolation were from hemodialysis patients. However, to date, VRE fecal colonization rates as well as associated risk factors in kidney transplant patients have not yet been established in prospective studies...

..Resistance rates to oxacillin and levofloxacin were generally elevated, especially when an intravenous catheter was the source of infection...

..In the present study, we evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. aureus causing BSI in dialysis patients compared to those causing BSI in other patient populations...

..The role of combination antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. should be further evaluated to maximize favourable clinical outcomes...

..The results of this study showed that daptomycin continues to be very active against clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci isolated in Europe and Latin America...

..No error was observed when levofloxacin was selected as the group surrogate for pneumococcal testing...

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..Daptomycin showed a significant potency and spectrum against Gram-positive species, including multidrug-resistant strains, and may represent a reasonable therapeutic option for infections caused by these important pathogens...

..These results indicate that daptomycin has an appropriate spectrum and potency to be used for empirical coverage of Gram-positive infections (especially BSI) in cancer patients in the hospitals surveyed in the USA...

..2% of MRSA isolates) would be categorized as vancomycin nonsusceptible by the MIC results from the Etest method if the susceptibility breakpoint was adjusted downward to < or =1 microg/ml, as suggested by clinical outcome studies...

..The cefdinir spectrum and potency were comparable or superior to other orally administered beta-lactams tested against recent (2003) clinical isolates from CA-UTI...

..The emergence and dissemination of mobile MbetaL-producing isolates represent an alarming factor for increasing resistance to carbapenems in several medical centres evaluated by the SENTRY Program in Latin America...

..Only 0.5% of all 415 recent CA-SSTI pathogens were resistant to cefdinir (MIC, > or = 4 mg/L). Cefdinir showed a spectrum and potency comparable or superior to other orally administered beta-lactams (cephalexin)...

..aureus [MRSA]), beta-hemolytic Streptococcus spp., and Enterococcus faecalis strains tested. In addition, iclaprim exhibited bactericidal activity against all S. aureus strains tested, including MRSA...

..MBL production was detected in 36 isolates (19.7% of the entire collection; 43.9% of the imipenem-resistant isolates) and the MBLs included SPM-1-like (55.6%), VIM-2-like (30.6%) and IMP-1-like (8.3%) enzymes...

..1%) and imipenem in Spain (87.7%). Our results suggest that tigecycline represents a viable additional option for the empirical treatment of cSSSI in these countries...

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..aeruginosa that exhibit contemporary resistance mechanisms would be prudent to minimize the potential for serious reporting errors...

..aeruginosa (IMP-16 and SPM-1-producing strains) and one A. baumannii (non-MbetaL) strain. All other strains showed indifferent interaction (variation of +/- 1 log10 CFU/ml) with any combination evaluated...

..This novel lipopeptide (daptomycin) appears to be an excellent alternative therapeutic option for serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-positive organisms isolated in Europe...

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..g., macrolides, penicillins, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)...

..Resistance to oxacillin or vancomycin did not influence daptomycin activity against S. aureus or E. faecalis...

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..Listed modifications were recently approved by the CLSI (M100-S17)...

..Continued resistance surveillance is critical to monitor the effectiveness of widely used parenteral antimicrobial agents such as cefepime...

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..We evaluated the in vitro activity of this compound and selected comparator agents tested against clinical strains of staphylococci and enterococci collected in European medical centers in 2005...

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..02 mug/ml). The occurrence of isolates for which the vancomycin MIC was >1 microg/ml was very unusual, with no increased trend, but these organisms were usually clonal (USA100)...

..This report allows the evaluation of the activities numerous antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates collected in Latin American countries...

..Decreases in daptomycin potency were not observed since EMEA approval and widespread clinical use, and emerging resistance to other compounds did not adversely influence daptomycin activity against contemporary Gram-positive species...

..All isolates had the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV, while 67.8% of isolates displayed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clonal type USA300-0114...

..faecium) were detected. In conclusion, daptomycin demonstrated sustained activity against an extensive collection of clinical isolates of MRSA and VRE from numerous US medical centers over the last 6 monitored years...

..CXA-101 and CXA-201 were very active against P. aeruginosa (MIC50, 1 μg/ml for both compounds), including imipenem-resistant strains...

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..8%-91.7%). Continued resistance surveillance by various programs remain necessary to monitor the in vitro effectiveness of antimicrobial agents currently used in clinical practice...

..These rates of increased susceptibility could sustain and enhance the clinical activity of orally administered beta-lactams such as cefdinir...

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..In conclusion, S. aureus strains with vancomycin MIC of 2 microg/mL showed high rates of hVISA and vancomycin tolerance. Daptomycin retained potent bactericidal activity against S. aureus with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin...

..6% susceptible). In summary, daptomycin and linezolid showed excellent in vitro activity against Gram-positive organisms (12,324) collected in Latin American hospitals, including MRSA, VRE and other multidrug-resistant organisms...

..The bactericidal activities of vancomycin and daptomycin were evaluated in a large collection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia strains from nine major USA medical centres...

..aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Daptomycin activity was not adversely influenced by resistance to oxacillin among staphylococci or to vancomycin among enterococci...

..Kill curve experiments showed a clear pattern of bactericidal activity...

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..Thus, regional surveillance programs are essential to guide empirical therapy and infection control measures...

..The newer fluoroquinolones show an excellent potency and spectrum against pathogens causing community acquired respiratory infections in Latin America...

..03/0.06 mg/l; 100.0% susceptible). These in vitro data document the activity of telavancin against contemporary Gram-positive isolates and support its clinical use for the treatment of cSSSI caused by the indicated pathogens...

..Pneumoniae...

..maltophilia isolates observed in this study emphasize the importance of local surveillance in determining the most adequate therapy for acinetobacter and S. maltophilia infections and the possible clonal, epidemic nature of occurrence...

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..The excellent in vitro Gram-positive activity by linezolid, in this study, indicate that this compound may represent an important therapeutic option for the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens in Brazil...

..In summary, dalbavancin was very active against a wide spectrum of resistant Gram-positive isolates and demonstrated greater potency than vancomycin or teicoplanin...

..3% to 98.2% susceptibility). In sum, piperacillin/tazobactam was more active against all Gram-negative species than the other two combinations, with the exception of A. baumannii, and showed similar activity against Gram-positive cocci...

..The most active fractions are being fractionated to identify their active substances. Higher concentrations of other extracts are currently being evaluated against the same microorganisms...

..4 to 100% susceptible). Isolates from Canada and Latin America were generally more susceptible to both triazoles than U.S. isolates were. Continued surveillance appears necessary to detect these important changes...

..5%) and varied widely (10.0 to 48.9%) among the monitored Latin American medical centers. Mupirocin resistance rates appear to be increasing and routine monitoring for potential resistance seems prudent...

..It is apparent from this investigation that many commonly prescribed empiric treatments remain viable therapeutic options for CARTI caused by these two Gram-negative respiratory tract pathogens...

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..In summary, resistance to most antimicrobial agents for a number of species implicated in bacteremia, especially among Gram-negative rods, has reached worrisome levels and continues to increase...

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..Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli, ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae constitute serious problem in this geographic region...

..This high volume international survey indicates potential therapeutic roles for dalbavancin against many troublesome resistant Gram-positive phenotypes...

..For hospitals with a high prevalence of strains producing this enzyme, there is no reference material to show whether the use of the E-test method for their detection, which can be quite expensive, is actually required...

..These results define the role of quinupristin/dalfopristin in Latin American medical centers and provide a benchmark for future in vitro comparisons...

..The in vitro activity of tigecycline (former GAR-936), a new semisynthetic tetracycline, was evaluated in comparison with tetracycline and other antimicrobial agents...

..Cefepime and the carbapenems (imipenem or meropenem) for Gram-negative isolates and linezolid for Gram-positive isolates, provided the broadest spectrum of in vitro activity against contemporary ICU pathogens in North America...

..Although resistance has emerged in many epidemiologically distinct strains, clonal dissemination seems to be a key contributing factor for increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones among pneumococci in this nation...

..Levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone prescribed widely for respiratory tract infections, continued to show potent activity against key respiratory pathogens...

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..faecium and E. faecalis among Brazilian hospitals. The results of this study indicate that linezolid is an appropriate therapeutic option for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci infections in Brazil...

..Fusidic acid was equally active against community-acquired MRSA and linezolid-resistant staphylococci. Fusidic acid exhibited equal or greater potency against staphylococci compared with vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid...

..Serious infections in nosocomial environments should benefit from tigecycline use among the investigational phase 3 agents focused toward resistant strains...

..and Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Continued surveillance of the carbapenem class and other broad-spectrum agents is warranted to monitor activity against pathogens causing serious infections in hospitalized patients...

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..This manuscript reports the first appearance of an IMP-like metallo-beta-lactamase encountered in a clinical isolate of A. baumannii from a Brazilian teaching hospital...

..36 microM(-1) . s(-1)). This report further emphasizes the spread of metallo-beta-lactamase genes and their close association with various aminoglycoside resistance genes...

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..aeruginosa) isolated from ICU patients and may represent an excellent option for the treatment of infections in this clinical environment...

..Our results highlight the need for developing specific CA-UTI guidelines in geographic regions where elevated resistance to new and old compounds may influence prescribing decisions...

..Our findings emphasise the importance of optimal dosage of linezolid to prevent the emergence of resistance...

..and Listeria spp. Dalbavancin may provide an important therapeutic option for Gram-positive infections, excluding those caused by enterococci with VanA-type resistance...

..63DDD/100 patient days (a 50% increase since 2002), and indicates the important role of hospital hygiene practice in preventing the dissemination of oxazolidinone resistances, should they be detected...

..CONCLUSIONS: Daptomycin exhibited excellent in vitro activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-positive organisms and may represent a therapeutic option for infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens worldwide...

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..Resistance surveillance programs should be sustained to document emerging resistance patterns of old and newer agents for difficult-to-treat pathogens such as P. aeruginosa...

..This report describes the ability of nonfermentative nosocomial pathogens to acquire and disseminate antimicrobial resistance determinants...

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..CONCLUSIONS: PPI-0903M was generally bactericidal against tested species, and the MIC results were stable across numerous susceptibility test condition changes...

..9% susceptible) was as active as imipenem. This study demonstrated the sustained potency of tigecycline against contemporary clinically relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens; tigecycline resistance was rare (0.3%)...

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..Although vancomycin resistance rates in Brazil appears to be relatively low compared to those reported in the USA, VRE has emerged and rapidly disseminated in some Brazilian medical centers...

..We conclude that the ability to characterize organisms phenotypically and genotypically is a powerful epidemiologic tool and it provides unique information that is very important for multicenter surveillance programs...