R N Jones

..016 mug/mL (with higher values for ertapenem). Doripenem appears to be a promising, potent carbapenem for parenteral use against contemporary Gram-negative bacilli producing various beta-lactamases...

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..5 or ≤1 μg/mL) represent the most conservative (better recognize strains with tet resistance mechanisms) and accurate tetracycline breakpoint guidelines for testing contemporary isolates of Gram-positive cocci...

..In conclusion, year 2011 SENTRY Program data for DAL documents sustained potent activity against SA, CoNS, βHS, VGS, and VAN-S enterococci, which averaged 4- to 32-fold greater than VAN, DAP, or linezolid...

..11%). These presented analyses offer a validated surrogate marker strategy for ceftaroline susceptibility testing, pending development and validation by the commonly used automated systems and agar diffusion commercial methods...

..0%). In summary, resistance rates to several antimicrobials continue to rise after introductions of both pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, as noted from these results for 1998 through 2011...

..We evaluated the in vitro activity of this compound and selected comparator agents tested against clinical strains of staphylococci and enterococci collected in European medical centers in 2005...

..To evaluate the potency of a novel peptide deformylase inhibitor, NVP PDF-713, against Gram-positive organisms having resistances to linezolid or quinupristin/dalfopristin...

..9-92.2% of dalbavancin MIC comparisons. These dalbavancin MIC results demonstrated the acceptable accuracy of commercially-prepared broth microdilution products for use in subsequent clinical trials...

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..To investigate the potency of doripenem, a broad-spectrum carbapenem characterized by a wider spectrum of activity combining antimicrobial and bactericidal features of imipenem and meropenem...

..09% of all PSA isolates). Meropenem remained the most active antimicrobial agent tested in the program, and surveillance networks must implement epidemiologic typing to accurately assess the role of clonal spread on the study results...

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..25 to 2 microg/ml (11 to 17 mm), and for polymyxin B, 0.25 to 2 mug/ml (14 to 18 mm). More than 97% of all reported QC results were within these proposed ranges...

..meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, respectively. All comparison agents were more active than this peptide deformylase inhibitor against this genus...

..Parenteral cephalosporins (cefepime or ceftriaxone) continue to be potent and safe for use in hospitalized patients with S. pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia, used with or without co-drugs according to published guidelines...

..This study uses a new des-F(6)quinolone, garenoxacin, to compare in vitro results among the most utilized antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods...

..BSIs for the commonly used antimicrobial classes. With the exception of S. Typhimurium DT104, most Salmonella spp. remain highly susceptible to the tested antimicrobials that maybe utilized for Salmonella BSI...

..In all regions, aminoglycosides in combination with carbapenems, cefepime, or piperacillin/tazobactam would provide more potential antipseudomonal activity than fluoroquinolone combinations for wide-spectrum empiric regimens...

..This overview of the fluoroquinolones directs particular attention to use in community-acquired pneumonia and safety...

..These results support recommendations to treat CAP, particularly due to S. pneumoniae including multidrug-resistant strains, with the newer 8-methoxy-fluoroquinolone, gatifloxacin...

..high levels of co-resistance between the tested beta-lactam agents and ciprofloxacin and the aminoglycosides, gentamicin and tobramycin. However, carbapenems such as meropenem, remain a therapeutic option...

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..The mechanisms and prevalence of resistance of beta-lactam antimicrobials, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones also are reviewed...

..Co-resistance to other antimicrobial agents was common in both tested genus groups...

..This study confirms the need for constant monitoring of in vitro antimicrobial efficacy to direct empiric treatment regimens...

..Continued local and global surveillance of resistances in common respiratory tract pathogens such as S. pneumoniae appears to be prudent practice to guide effective chemotherapy...

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..Similar gene duplication has been reported in Q/D-resistant Staphylococcus aureus...

..International surveillance initiatives should be maintained to monitor future progression of this important resistance...

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..To investigate the activity of linezolid (an oxazolidinone), a potent choice for community- and hospital-acquired infections, via a worldwide surveillance network called the Zyvox Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum (ZAAPS) Program...

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..aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from Arizona and Ohio. The LEADER Program appears to be an effective and sensitive surveillance tool to detect novel resistance phenotypes and genotypes...

..Lack of cross-resistances for iclaprim with other commonly used therapies could make iclaprim an alternative for several sexually transmitted diseases (gonococci, Chlamydia trachomatis)...

..Clonal outbreaks with patient-to-patient dissemination were documented in 1 Italian site. Linezolid appears to retain excellent activity against monitored Gram-positive pathogens at a level of >99.8%...

..Rates of clindamycin resistance and the frequency of MRSA varied by geographic region and between nations; therefore, like oxazolidinones, it requires continued surveillance for changing resistance patterns...

..The 15-microg CEM-101 disk was selected, and MIC ranges for a total of four QC organisms were proposed, with only three doubling dilutions each that included 95.6 to 99.7% of values reported from the eight-laboratory investigation...

..This article reviews information on antimicrobial resistance patterns amongst S. pneumoniae and implications for managing CAP...

..These facts have profound impact on the choices of comparison therapies to be applied in contemporary new drug clinical trials for pneumonia...

..To assess the spectrum and potency of ceftaroline, a novel anti-methicillin-resistant staphylococcal cephalosporin, against a 2008 surveillance collection of clinical isolates from patients in the USA and Europe...

..8% of all baseline cSSSI isolates from the microbiologically evaluable population were inhibited by ceftaroline at ≤ 2 mg/L. Ceftaroline fosamil is a promising broad-spectrum agent for the treatment of cSSSIs...

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..The average -16% activity across all generic lots was equivalent to underdosing piperacillin/tazobactam by 2.6 g daily for serious clinical infections (4.5 g Q6 h)...

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..Overall, 99.55% of the tested 2006 LEADER program isolates remained susceptible to linezolid at current Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints...

..Thus, antipseudomonal carbapenems such as meropenem and imipenem remain an effective treatment option...

..TAO maintains a wider spectrum of activity compared with mupirocin and was usable against mupirocin-resistant Gram-positive strains...

..Dalbavancin wild-type MIC distributions remain unchanged compared with prior sampled years (2002-2003) in the USA...

..Cefdinir should be considered as a viable option for the therapy uSSTI caused by indicated species...

..Vancomycin test results most reliably predict dalbavancin susceptibility until validated commercial reagents become available for direct testing in clinical practice...

..4% and 2.3%, respectively). Our results indicate that cefepime was the most broad-spectrum cephalosporin analyzed and remains a very potent alternative for the treatment of contemporary pediatric infections in North America...

..led to an unacceptable error rate (23.3%). However, an adjustment of tigecycline disk diffusion breakpoints (susceptible/resistant) to > or =16/ < or =12 mm reduced intermethod errors to an acceptable level (only 9.7%, all minor)...

..25 to 2 microg/ml; MIC90 range, 0.25 to 2 microg/ml). Only one isolate (viridans group streptococcus; 0.03% of tested strains) was resistant to linezolid...

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..Clinical results remained identical (89% cures) regardless of the antimicrobial used or CO-MRSA molecular patterns, PVL production, or antimicrobial susceptibility profiles...

..Fusidic acid is a promising oral therapy for staphylococcal skin and skin structure infections in the United States, where the contemporary S. aureus population remains without significant resistance...

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..The MYSTIC Program and other assessed networks appear to be both valuable and complementary in their design and function...

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..These results from testing 902 organisms indicate that ertapenem appears to be a promising broad-spectrum carbapenem with a possible role against some emerging resistant species...

..Local susceptibility testing data must be assessed before fluoroquinolone empiric therapy can be used with confidence...

..AZD2563 remained active (MIC, < or = 1 microg/ml) against all 10 strains tested...

..This novel naphthyridine should be explored as an alternative therapy for quinolone-nonsusceptible gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis infections...

..48.0%) when compared with other regions. Continued surveillance of pathogen prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns should provide information that is important to improve empiric care particularly in the hospital environment...

..In summary, dalbavancin was very active against a wide spectrum of resistant Gram-positive isolates and demonstrated greater potency than vancomycin or teicoplanin...

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..pneumoniae) was documented in all three monitored regions (Latin America > Europe > North America). Continued development of garenoxacin as a treatment of pathogens that commonly cause SSTIs appears to be warranted...

..aeruginosa clinical isolates...

..The dissemination of multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDR-MRSA) among the Latin American countries also was studied...

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..Carbapenem resistance remains rarely documented and these beta-lactamase-stable agents appear to be an alternative treatment option for serious community-acquired or nosocomial infections in high risk patient populations...

..The escalating occurrence (0.35%) of serine carbapenemases could compromise the role of carbapenems and other beta-lactams in USA clinical practice although observed in only a few locations to date...

..We describe the first detection of cfr-mediated linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis recovered from human infection cases monitored during the 2007 LEADER Program...

..Surveillance of BSI pathogens is needed to determine trends of resistance and provide useful information regarding patient risk factors and geographic differences...

..5, and 1 microg/mL for staphylococci, enterococci, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and viridans group streptococci, respectively, and no significant loss in potency was observed over the period studied...

..Fusidic acid was equally active against community-acquired MRSA and linezolid-resistant staphylococci. Fusidic acid exhibited equal or greater potency against staphylococci compared with vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid...

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..03-1 mg/L). With a proposed breakpoint of < or =4 mg/L, BMS284756 may be a therapeutic alternative pending the results of clinical trials...

..002-0.008 microg/mL), S. pneumoniae ATCC (26-33 mm/0.016-0.06 microg/mL). The proportion of participant results observed within the proposed ranges was 97.4-98.8% and 94.6-100% for the disk diffusion and MIC tests, respectively...

..Levofloxacin activity against P. aeruginosa was most comparable to that of ciprofloxacin, which was applicable against > 90% of strains found to be resistant to other classes of antimicrobial agents...

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..Although resistance has emerged in many epidemiologically distinct strains, clonal dissemination seems to be a key contributing factor for increasing resistance to fluoroquinolones among pneumococci in this nation...

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..catarrhalis in CARTI, and high fluoroquinolone potency/spectrum (>97% susceptible). beta-lactams and macrolides continue to be compromised by increasing resistances in pathogens isolated in these monitored primary care settings...

..It is apparent from this investigation that many commonly prescribed empiric treatments remain viable therapeutic options for CARTI caused by these two Gram-negative respiratory tract pathogens...

..Cefepime and the carbapenems (imipenem or meropenem) for Gram-negative isolates and linezolid for Gram-positive isolates, provided the broadest spectrum of in vitro activity against contemporary ICU pathogens in North America...

..isolated in North American medical centers. Continued resistances surveillance monitoring will be necessary to assess the effectiveness of widely used broad-spectrum antimicrobials as novel resistance mechanisms emerge...

..Erm methylase (ermA and ermB) was the most common resistance mechanism detected, present in 12 of 20 macrolide-resistant GBS...

..The MIC(90)s for GAR-936 were significantly lower than the comparator agents for all species tested with particularly impressive results against S. pneumoniae and enterococci...

..The results presented in this report confirm that bacterial resistance continues to be a great problem in Latin American medical institutions...