A F Williams

..To determine patterns of risk among teenage drivers...

..The study investigated the effectiveness in increasing seat belt use of Ford's belt reminder system, a supplementary system that provides intermittent flashing lights and chimes for five minutes if drivers are not belted...

....

..Overall the results indicate that the new licensing system is accepted favorably by teenagers and their parents and has substantially increased the types of behaviors that collectively should lead to crash and injury reductions...

..If experience can be gained initially under lower risk conditions, both in the learning stage and when first licensed, crash risk will be reduced...

..By looking at 16 year-olds nationally, the study does not constitute a direct test of the effect of graduated licensing laws per se...

..to determine access to vehicles, vehicle ownership and its correlates, and types of vehicles driven by teenagers during their first year of licensure...

..Progress in dealing with the alcohol-impaired driving problem in the United States during the past 25 years is addressed...

....

..To determine the characteristics of speeders, defined as drivers of vehicles traveling at least 15 mph above the posted speed limit and relatively faster than surrounding vehicles...

..To describe the young driver problem and the emergence of graduated licensing as a way to address it...

..To review the research evidence concerning the effects of passengers on teenage driving and crash involvement, and to explore ways to reduce negative effects...

..What is the contribution of the various components of graduated licensing to these reductions, and how can their effectiveness be increased?..

..The objective of this study was to assess restraint use and seating positions among children in vehicles with and without airbags...

..On a percentage basis, crashes declined most among 15 year-olds, followed by 16 year-olds and then 17 year-olds. Reductions were not seen among Alabama teenagers nor among 18 year-olds in Florida...

..The author describes the first five multistage graduated systems enacted in the United States in 1996 and 1997. Factors that will influence the acceptability and effectiveness of these new licensing systems are discussed...

....

..Nighttime red light runners were more likely than daytime runners to be young, male, and have more deviant characteristics, 53% having high blood alcohol concentrations...

..Method: Crash deaths were identified and categorized using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Days of the year with relatively high crash deaths were compared to the two days that occurred exactly one week before and one week after...

..Socioeconomic and gender differences in belt use were also studied...

..Sixty-five percent of motorcyclists killed were not wearing helmets, and 60% of vehicle occupants killed were unbelted; many of these fatalities would not have occurred with proper protection...

..States that have since removed this secondary enforcement restriction have reported increased seat belt use. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the effect of these law changes on driver fatality rates...

..Understanding the hardcore drinking driver concept in the context of the alcohol-impaired driving problem...

....

....

..On average, these vehicles were involved in 3.2% fewer multiple-vehicle crashes than vehicles without daytime running lights (P = 0.0074)...

..To assess how drivers view dangers on the highway, what motivates them to drive safely, how they say they reduce their crash and injury risk, and how they rate their own driving skills...

..Furthermore, manufacturers are missing an opportunity to promote vehicle safety, a feature that consumers have indicated is very important to them...

..The question is, do these differences in enforcement affect teenagers' knowledge and perception of these laws?..

..Enhanced penalties-in particular drivers license points-likely will be needed to reach hard-core nonusers...

..Basing comparisons instead on the extent to which drivers in various age/gender groups are responsible for deaths (including themselves) in their crashes is more revealing of their overall contribution to the problem...

..The 7% of respondents who reported they used belts never or very occasionally were least responsive to the system. Overall, the Ford belt reminder system is being favorably received...

..Until then, both women and men should be encouraged to adjust their adjustable head restraints, if possible, behind their heads' centers of gravity and to sit with the backs of their heads as close as possible to their head restraints...

..Logistic regression models showed that these relationships held when controlling for household type and child gender...

..The objective of the study was to determine parents' evaluations of the course, what they learned, and how they said they used this information...

..The purpose of this study was to identify the potential effects of this population increase on highway safety...

..Differences between the approach employed in this study and traditional blackspot analyses are discussed...

..Countermeasures to reduce the number of pedestrians hit by turning vehicles are discussed...

..Although graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs have reduced the high crash rates for 16-and 17-year-old drivers, research suggests that some teenagers fail to comply with restrictions on nighttime driving and carrying passengers...

..The second goal was to evaluate the importance of these variables in the prediction of teenagers' belt use during the first year of licensure, relative to other factors related to belt use, including demographics and substance use...

..IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The views and existing practices of parents need to be taken into account in deciding on the provisions of graduated licensing legislation and how to best ensure acceptance and compliance...

..Overall the data indicate substantial benefits of graduated licensing for 16 to 17-year-old beginners, but no benefits beyond the learner stage for older beginners...

....

..Other methods using advanced technology require substantial additional research and evaluation...

..Ways to overcome perceived barriers to checkpoint use are discussed...

..We describe the development of camera programs in Victoria and Britain and discuss the types of controversies that have arisen, the techniques used to address them, and what others can learn from this experience...

..To examine the frequency of underage drinking, driving after drinking and alcohol-related crashes, trends in these behaviors, and promising interventions...