N Breslau

..To examine the relationship of migraine and other severe headaches with panic disorder...

..The authors' goal was to construct a short screening scale for DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)...

..An association between migraine and major depression has been observed in clinical and community samples. The factors that contribute to this association and their implications remain unclear...

..Epidemiologic studies have reported a lifetime association between smoking and panic disorder. In this study, we examine potential explanations for this association...

..We also examined the extent to which comorbidity with major depression is specific to migraine or is observed in other severe headaches...

..Growing up in a racially segregated and disadvantaged community, more than individual and familial factors, may contribute to a decline in IQ score in the early school years...

..However, little is known about the epidemiology of nicotine dependence. We studied DSM-III-R nicotine dependence in the United States, trends across cohorts, and the role of nicotine dependence in smoking persistence...

..To examine the role of anxiety disorders in the development of sex differences in the risk of major depression...

..Interventions to improve academic performance of LBW children should focus on the preschool years...

..However, several factors, namely, chronicity, impairment, comorbidity, and somatization, are significantly related to and can influence the course of PTSD and subsequent outcome. This article briefly reviews each of these factors...

..The authors examine interrelated questions about the effects of previous exposure to trauma...

..We examine whether exposure to traumatic events increases the risk for nicotine dependence or alcohol or other drug use disorders, independent of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)...

..The study estimates the relative importance of specific types of traumas experienced in the community in terms of their prevalence and risk of leading to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)...

..Research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has focused primarily on Vietnam War veterans. A handful of recent studies have been conducted on samples of the general population...

..However, the retrospective nature of data on child abuse, because of legal and ethical restraints on research on children, is a formidable obstacle to advancing knowledge in this field...

..Epidemiologic studies have reported an association between major depression and smoking. This prospective study examines the role of depression in smoking progression and cessation, and the role of smoking in first-onset major depression...

..This paper examines correlates of and suspected risk factors for daytime sleepiness from a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults...

..Finally, we present findings on the PTSD/drug use disorder association from an epidemiologic study of young adults...

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..The excess of somatization symptoms in persons with history of PTSD might be attributable to PTSD per se, or to the greater severity of the associated comorbidity, compared to persons with disorders other than PTSD...

..Although there is a high degree of comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and drug use disorders, little is known about causal relationships between PTSD, exposure to traumatic events, and drug use disorders...

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..The utility of A2 as a screen must be tested prospectively...

..These transitions also reduce the likelihood that an existing alcohol disorder will persist...

..By diminishing the plausibility of a simple causal explanation for the migraine-depression comorbidity, the findings favor the shared mechanisms explanation...

..Such research may provide information on the relationship of sleep problems to the immediate health and well being of adolescents, as well as their trajectories into adulthood...

..2) among those who use these substances for sleep problems, what are the patterns of use? and (3) are there social factors, independent of sleep characteristics, that increase the likelihood of alcohol and medication use to aid sleep?..

..The association of trouble sleeping at age 6 with incidence of depression at age 11 was not statistically significant (suburban children RR=2.22, 95% CI 0.53-9.23; urban children RR=0.92, 95% CI 0.20-4.18)...

..This variant has the strongest effect on risk for alcohol dependence compared with any other tested variant in European populations...

..This study tests whether attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increases the risk of early drug use...

..The results suggest that migraine sufferers might be more vulnerable to psychopathology and poor adjustment to their medical condition...

..The findings suggest that positive expectancies may be an important factor in persistence of alcohol dependence and that their modification may enhance treatment of alcohol dependence in young adults...

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..These findings demonstrate that migraine is common, has a substantial impact on sufferers, and may be associated with other disorders...

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..Additionally insomnia may have independent, and potentially etiologically distinct, directional associations with anxiety disorders versus depression...

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..Prospective data on standardized measures of early predispositions would allow a strong test of hypotheses about suspected risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and exposure to traumatic events...

..The authors prospectively examined childhood antecedents of exposure to traumatic events to estimate the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among those exposed to trauma...

..A key question concerns whether etiological contributors are shared across the broad range of disruptive psychopathology or are partially or largely distinct...

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..The evidence comes chiefly from retrospective data on earlier events, obtained from trauma-exposed persons with and without PTSD. A generally overlooked major limitation is the failure to assess the PTSD response to the prior trauma...

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..The data support the hypothesis that the relationship between CPD and nicotine dependence as reflected in relapse varies by race, and that Black smokers are dependent at lower levels of CPD than Whites...

..Classification of persons exposed to traumatic events into clinically homogeneous groups would facilitate further etiologic and treatment research, as well as research on the relationship of trauma and PTSD with other disorders...

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..Trauma victims who do not succumb to PTSD are not at an elevated risk for the subsequent onset of major depression or substance use disorders, compared with unexposed persons...

..Prior research has connected posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to increased levels of catecholamines. However, studies of cortisol levels have produced mixed results...

..Polysomnographic studies conducted on small samples of subjects with specific traumas have yielded conflicting results. We therefore evaluated polysomnographic sleep disturbances in PTSD...

..Examples of how the two methods can differ for time dependent covariates in Cox proportional hazards regression analysis are presented...

..To address this question, we collected saliva cortisol at home in a subsample of a longitudinal epidemiologic sample...

..We examined alternative ways that familial liability to persistence, nicotine dependence and smoking persistence may be related...

..These findings suggest that LBW is a useful vulnerability marker for early drug use among boys, independent of the antecedents and sequelae of LBW...

..Recent observations of lower monoamine oxidase activity (which may play a role in central nervous system serotonin metabolism) in current smokers but not ex-smokers might provide clues, but interpretations should proceed cautiously...

..The conflicting findings of the studies that have examined the relationship between smoking and depression may be attributable to differences in definition of the disorders and the methods used to analyze them...

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..Given the higher prevalence of sleep-related breathing disturbance in men, this study assessed sex differences in sleep in a large, non-clinical sample of adults and controlled for primary sleep disorders...

..These findings suggest that assaultive violence elicits women's PTSD response directly and by sensitizing them to the effects of subsequent traumatic events of lesser magnitude...

..Maternal smoking in pregnancy lowers birthweight. It is unclear, however, whether smoking during pregnancy lowers offspring IQ, and, if it does, whether it is through the smoking effect on fetal growth...

..The study highlights an important relationship between family cohesion and children's internalizing and attention problems...

..We examined the extent to which partial PTSD is distinguishable from full DSM-PTSD with respect to level of impairment...

..While maternal reports of offspring's birthweight are highly accurate across diverse subgroups of the population, adolescent self-reports of birthweight are unlikely to be useful in medical research...

..To estimate the influence of low birth weight (LBW; < or =2500 g) on academic achievement in reading and mathematics in 12th grade in 2 socioeconomically and racially disparate, geographically defined communities...

..Other genes among the top signals were KCNJ6 and GABRA4. This study represents one of the most powerful and extensive studies of nicotine dependence to date and has found novel risk loci that require confirmation by replication studies...

..This work anticipates the future directions of large-scale genome wide association studies with state-of-the-art methodological approaches and sharing of data with the scientific community...

..The impact of the clinical significance criterion on the lifetime prevalence of PTSD among civilian victims of traumatic events has not been evaluated...

..Several papers in this collection direct readers' attention to this fundamental problem. We are pessimistic that their insight will lead to positive results...