Shumin M Zhang

..Folate, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12) are thought to play an important role in cancer prevention...

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..B vitamins such as folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 are coenzymes that are important for DNA integrity and stability. Deficiency in these B vitamins may promote tumor carcinogenesis...

..To evaluate the associations between intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and risk of colon cancer...

..Although case-control studies have reported conflicting results for dairy foods and lactose, several cohort studies have shown positive associations between skim milk, lactose, and ovarian cancer...

..The relationships between coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drink consumption and colon cancer risk remain unresolved...

..The findings from this prospective study suggest that moderate alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk...

..Statistical power to examine associations by colon site has been limited in previous studies...

..Folic acid, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12) act in concert in the one-carbon metabolism and may protect against colorectal neoplasia. We examined the effect of combined B-vitamin treatment on the occurrence of colorectal adenoma...

..Because ER(-) tumors account for only 15% to 20% of breast cancers, large pooled analyses are necessary to evaluate precisely the suspected inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of ER(-) breast cancer...

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..The increased risk of breast cancer associated with high cysteine levels warrants further investigation...

..These data suggest that higher HbA1c concentrations do not seem to increase risk of breast cancer among apparently healthy women...

..These results suggest that consumption of the major carotenoids during adulthood does not play a major role in the incidence of ovarian cancer...

..Intake of vitamin B(6) or vitamin B(12) also was not related to the risk of Parkinson's disease. The current study does not support the hypothesis that higher intake of folate or related B vitamins lowers the risk of Parkinson's disease...

..Flavonoids may protect against cancer development through several biological mechanisms. However, epidemiologic studies on dietary flavonoids and cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results...

..13 (0.95-1.34) for lycopene. In conclusion, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with decreasing risk of renal cell cancer; carotenoids present in fruit and vegetables may partly contribute to this protection...

..An alternative explanation is that other factors related to dietary intakes of folate and vitamin B(6) account for the inverse associations...

..It is possible that the CYP19A1 gene which alters sex hormones production may influence HGF levels. We examined the association between the CYP19A1 gene variants and plasma HGF concentrations...

..Evidence from prospective cohort studies, however, is limited and inconsistent. We evaluated the association between ambient ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure and NHL in a nationwide cohort of women, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS)...

..Animal data suggest the potential anticarcinogenic effects of calcium and vitamin D on breast cancer development. However, epidemiologic data relating calcium and vitamin D levels to breast cancer have been inconclusive...

..66 (0.97-2.84; P(trend) = 0.03) in the overweight and obese group. Our findings suggest that women who are susceptible to experiencing oxidative stress may be at a greater risk for developing breast cancer...

..These data, like those from the Women's Health Initiative, show no significant increase in breast cancer risk with use of oral conjugated estrogen alone (0.625 mg/day), but a small increase or decrease in risk cannot be excluded...

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..However, after accounting for other dietary risk factors, high dietary fiber intake was not associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer...

..Instead, greater consumption of coffee and tea may be associated with a lower risk of renal cell cancer. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc...

..Associations for total fruits and vegetables were similar for different histologic types. These results suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption in adulthood has no important association with the risk of ovarian cancer...

..Epidemiologic studies examining associations between carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status are limited...

..However, intake of fried foods and/or other factors related to their intake may be associated with colorectal cancer development. This finding warrants further examination...

..Data provide little support for an association of calcium and vitamin D intake with colorectal cancer risk...

..Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce dopaminergic neuron degeneration in animal models of Parkinson disease (PD). However, no epidemiological data have been available on NSAID use and the risk of PD...

..Cysteine or its precursors might have the potential to be chemopreventive against breast cancer...

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..71 to 1.16; P(trend) = .19; crude incidence rates: 273 versus 305 per 100,000 person-years). Our data suggest that baseline plasma CRP levels are not associated with the increased risk of breast cancer in apparently healthy women...

..09). No significant association was observed between reproductive factors and colorectal cancer risk. These findings provide some support for a potential role of OCs in reducing risk of colorectal cancer...

..03) for waist-to-hip ratio. The results do not support a role of overall obesity in PD pathogenesis; however, central obesity may be associated with higher PD risk among never smokers, and this finding merits further investigation...

..Ensuring adequate folate intake seems particularly important for women at higher risk of breast cancer because of alcohol consumption...

..Results for histologic subtypes were similar. Overall, fat, cholesterol and egg intakes were not associated with ovarian cancer risk. The positive association for saturated fat intake at very high intakes merits further investigation...

..We prospectively examined the association between dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, and fiber and colorectal cancer risk in a large female cohort from the Women's Health Study...

..There is observational and clinical evidence that indicates that sex hormones affect development of colorectal cancer in men and women. However, the relationship between endogenous sex hormone levels and colorectal cancer is unclear...

..In conclusion, neither higher dietary nor plasma lycopene levels were associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in middle-aged and older women...

..These data provide little support for the hypothesis of an association between flavonoid intake and colorectal cancer risk, at least within the ranges of intakes consumed in the populations studied...

..An inverse association between alcohol intake and risk of renal cell cancer has been suggested in a few prospective studies, but each of these studies included a small number of cases...

..Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p, p'-DDE) has been associated with the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma...

..Prospective data relating caffeine consumption to breast cancer risk are limited...

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..This article presents an overview of the role of vitamins in the risk, prevention, and treatment of breast cancer, with emphasis on current evidence from English-language articles published since 1 August 2002 and indexed in MEDLINE...

..Together, our molecular pathological epidemiology findings suggest a preventive effect of hormone therapy against colorectal carcinogenesis that depends, in part, on loss of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A...

..Inherited variation in the sex-hormone genes may be one mechanism by which sex hormones affect colorectal cancer, although data are limited...

..Overall, we found no evidence that EBV antibody profile predicts NHL risk in immunocompetent persons, with the possible exception of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma...

..To prospectively examine the association between cataract extraction and breast cancer risk among 66,782 postmenopausal women who were 50 years or older in the Nurses' Health Study cohort from 1984 to 1998...

..Most of the methods used in the Pooling Project may be adapted for examining associations with dietary and nondietary factors in pooled analyses of case-control studies or case-control and cohort studies combined...

..It is somewhat controversial whether caffeine consumption is associated with an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF)...

..65, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.91; p for trend = 0.05). Results do not support an important role of overall fat intake in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, but a possible adverse effect of saturated fat for men could not be excluded...

..We prospectively investigated the role of BMI in colorectal cancer risk along with the modifying effects of estrogen in a large cohort from the Women's Health Study...

..We found no evidence that higher intakes of vitamins C and E, and folate in early adult life reduce risk of breast cancer. However, intake of vitamin A may be related to a reduced risk of breast cancer among smokers...

..g., other SERMs and aromatase inhibitors) are critical, as is the development of effective/targeted interventions to improve adherence and thus treatment outcomes in at-risk women...

..Heritable factors explain up to 60% of the variation in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in studies of adult twins...

..Our results suggest that higher intake of dairy products may increase the risk of PD in men; however, this finding needs further evaluation, and the underlying active components need to be identified...

..However, data relating plasma folate levels to breast cancer risk are sparse. We investigated the association between plasma folate and other vitamins with breast cancer in a prospective, nested case-control study...

..The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate how long-term beta-carotene supplementation affects molecular markers of lung carcinogenesis in the PHS...

..002). In conclusion, weight loss in PD patients appears to be a continuous process that starts several years before the diagnosis and is not caused by reduced energy intake...

..Although many studies have investigated the association between anthropometry and ovarian cancer risk, results have been inconsistent...

..00). The associations observed were generally similar across studies, for both sexes, and for colon cancer and rectal cancer. These pooled data did not suggest that carotenoids play an important role in the etiology of colorectal cancer...

..However, smoking seems to impose little additional risk among PD patients in this large cohort of health professionals...

..Diet could influence NHL risk by modulating the immune system, although evidence is limited. We did a population-based case-control study to determine whether differences in diet were associated with NHL risk...

..CONCLUSIONS: Plasma CRP levels do not appear to predict an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer in apparently healthy women. Low-grade inflammation may not play an important role in increasing the risk for colorectal cancer...

..The effect of alcohol intake on risk of NHL is unclear. We therefore conducted a population-based case-control study to examine the association between alcohol and NHL risk...

..The findings from this project could have direct clinical application for efforts to reduce risk of breast cancer. ..

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