Chung Jyi Tsai

..Statins also prevent the formation of gallstones in animal studies, although the effect of statins on human gallstone disease has been controversial...

..More research is needed to answer these questions...

..The effect of long-term consumption of specific and different classes of saturated fatty acids on the risk of gallstone disease in humans is unknown...

..The absorption of heme iron is more complete than that of non-heme iron in humans; however, the effect of long-term consumption of heme and non-heme iron on the risk of gallstones is unknown...

..The long-term effect of repeated intentional weight loss and weight regain on the risk of gallstone disease in men is not clear...

..Many constituents of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk for gallstones, but prospective data relating fruit and vegetable intake to gallstone disease are sparse...

..Whether central adiposity contributes independently of total adiposity to the risk for gall stones is inconclusive. We examined prospectively indicators of central adiposity in relation to the occurrence of gall stone disease...

..High-carbohydrate diets with a high glycemic response may exacerbate the metabolic consequences of the insulin-resistance syndrome. The effect on the incidence of gallstone disease is not clear...

..Diets with a high glycaemic response exacerbate the metabolic consequences of the insulin resistance syndrome. Their effects on the incidence of gall stone disease are not clear, particularly in men...

..The consumption of trans-fatty acids adversely affects blood lipid levels. The relationship with the incidence of gallstone disease is unknown...

..Our findings suggest that frequent nut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of gallstone disease in men...

..Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats act as inhibitors of cholesterol cholelithiasis in animal experiments...

..These results suggest that increased consumption of vegetable protein in the context of an energy-balanced diet can reduce the risk of cholecystectomy in women...

..Obesity is an established risk factor for gallstones, but whether abdominal adiposity contributes independently to the risk, particularly in men, remains unclear...

..Gallstone disease is a major source of morbidity in the developed countries. Nuts are rich in several compounds that may protect against gallstone disease...

..However, the magnitude of the association is uncertain, and little is known about the relation of alcohol consumption patterns and individual types of alcoholic beverages to gallstone disease risk...

..Magnesium deficiency can cause dyslipidemia and insulin hypersecretion, which may facilitate gallstone formation. However, the effect of long-term consumption of magnesium on the risk of gallstone disease is unknown...

..Additional intervention trials and controlled experimental feeding studies are needed to further clarify these relationships and to provide useful prophylactic and therapeutic strategies...