Research Topics
| R StickgoldSummaryAffiliation: Harvard University Country: USA Publications
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Detail Information
Publications
Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidationMatthew P Walker
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center E FD 861, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Neuron 44:121-33. 2004..We close (4) with a consideration of unanswered questions as well as existing arguments against the role of sleep in learning and memory and (5) a concluding summary...- Memory consolidation and reconsolidation: what is the role of sleep?Robert Stickgold
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center E FD 861, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston MA 02215, USA
Trends Neurosci 28:408-15. 2005..As such, consolidation and reconsolidation might be better thought of as memory organization and reorganization. A rapidly growing body of evidence suggests that many of these processes are optimally engaged during sleep... 
Sleep: the ebb and flow of memory consolidationRobert Stickgold
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Curr Biol 18:R423-5. 2008....- Sleep and memory: the ongoing debateRobert Stickgold
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Sleep 28:1225-7. 2005..Despite this evidence, debate continues to rage over the very existence of sleep-dependent learning and memory processing. We briefly review here the evidence in support of sleep's role in memory consolidation... - To sleep, perchance to gain creative insight?Robert Stickgold
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Trends Cogn Sci 8:191-2. 2004..However, Wagner and his colleague now report that a night of sleep after being exposed to a class of mathematical problems more than doubles the likelihood of discovering just such a novel solution... 
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and reconsolidationRobert Stickgold
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center E FD 861, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Sleep Med 8:331-43. 2007..In this chapter, we review the role of sleep in supporting these disparate but related processes...- Linking brain and behavior in sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidationRobert Stickgold
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:16519-21. 2002 - EMDR: a putative neurobiological mechanism of actionRobert Stickgold
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
J Clin Psychol 58:61-75. 2002..Experimental data in support of this model are reviewed and possible tests of the model are suggested... - Sleep, learning, and dreams: off-line memory reprocessingR Stickgold
Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Science 294:1052-7. 2001.... - Sleep-induced changes in associative memoryR Stickgold
Massachusetts Medical Health Center, Harvard Medical School, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
J Cogn Neurosci 11:182-93. 1999..Known changes in brainstem activity that control the transition into and maintenance of REM sleep provide a possible explanation of this shift... - Watching the sleeping brain watch us - sensory processing during sleepR Stickgold
Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, 74 Fenwood Rd, Boston MA 02115, USA
Trends Neurosci 24:307-9. 2001..These studies open the way for crucial studies of sleep-dependent cognitive processing... - Brain-mind states: I. Longitudinal field study of sleep/wake factors influencing mentation report lengthR Stickgold
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, USA
Sleep 24:171-9. 2001..To collect and analyze reports of mental activity across sleep/wake states... - Visual discrimination task improvement: A multi-step process occurring during sleepR Stickgold
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
J Cogn Neurosci 12:246-54. 2000..These results suggest that, in the case of this visual discrimination task, both SWS and REM are required to consolidate experience-dependent neuronal changes into a form that supports improved task performance... - Replaying the game: hypnagogic images in normals and amnesicsR Stickgold
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Science 290:350-3. 2000..In addition, control participants reported images from previously played versions of the game, demonstrating that remote memories can influence the images from recent waking experience... - SSRI treatment suppresses dream recall frequency but increases subjective dream intensity in normal subjectsE F Pace-Schott
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
J Sleep Res 10:129-42. 2001.... - To dream or not to dream? Relevant data from new neuroimaging and electrophysiological studiesJ A Hobson
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston 02115, USA
Curr Opin Neurobiol 8:239-44. 1998..These results are complemented by new brain lesion and electrophysiological recording data to give a detailed picture of the brain dynamics of changes in conscious state... - Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious statesJ A Hobson
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Behav Brain Sci 23:793-842; discussion 904-1121. 2000..Both evidence and theory suggest that there are isomorphisms between the phenomenology and the physiology of dreams. We present a three-dimensional model with specific examples from normally and abnormally changing conscious states... - Effects of fluvoxamine and paroxetine on sleep structure in normal subjects: a home-based Nightcap evaluation during drug administration and withdrawalR Silvestri
Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, USA
J Clin Psychiatry 62:642-52. 2001.... - Sleep architecture, cocaine and visual learningPeter T Morgan
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
Addiction 103:1344-52. 2008..We hypothesized that sleep-related cognitive function would be impaired in chronic cocaine users, and that this impairment would be associated with abstinence-related changes in sleep architecture... - Sleep, sleep-dependent procedural learning and vigilance in chronic cocaine users: Evidence for occult insomniaPeter T Morgan
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and Connecticut Mental Health Center, Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
Drug Alcohol Depend 82:238-49. 2006..However, they report subjectively improving sleep, indicating they are unaware of this "occult" insomnia. These results suggest the possibility of homeostatic sleep drive dysregulation in chronic cocaine users... - A "Jekyll and Hyde" within: aggressive versus friendly interactions in REM and non-REM dreamsPatrick McNamara
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
Psychol Sci 16:130-6. 2005.... - Dreaming and waking consciousness: a character recognition studyD Kahn
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
J Sleep Res 9:317-25. 2000.... - The functional anatomy of sleep-dependent visual skill learningMatthew P Walker
Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Cereb Cortex 15:1666-75. 2005..Together, these data provide evidence of overnight bi-directional changes in functional anatomy, differences that may form the neural basis of sleep-dependent learning expressed on this task... - Gamma EEG dynamics in neocortex and hippocampus during human wakefulness and sleepJose L Cantero
Department of Neurosurgery, Children s Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Neuroimage 22:1271-80. 2004..These findings demonstrate a functional link between different stages of conscious awareness and the level of coupling of gamma-band oscillations in the human brain... - Nightcap measurement of sleep quality in self-described good and poor sleepersE F Pace-Schott
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Sleep 17:688-92. 1994..The demonstrated sensitivity of the Nightcap to good and poor sleep in these normal subjects augurs well for its application in a clinical setting... - Sleep-dependent motor memory plasticity in the human brainM P Walker
Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory, FD Feldberg 862, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Neuroscience 133:911-7. 2005..This evidence of an overnight, systems-level change in the representation of a motor memory holds important implications for acquiring real-life skills and in clinical rehabilitation following brain trauma, such as stroke... - Dreaming of a learning task is associated with enhanced sleep-dependent memory consolidationErin J Wamsley
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Curr Biol 20:850-5. 2010..That similar effects were not observed during wakefulness suggests that these mnemonic processes are specific to the sleep state... - Brain-mind states: reciprocal variation in thoughts and hallucinationsR Fosse
Institute of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
Psychol Sci 12:30-6. 2001.... - Interfering with theories of sleep and memory: sleep, declarative memory, and associative interferenceJeffrey M Ellenbogen
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Feldberg 861, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Curr Biol 16:1290-4. 2006..This is the first study to demonstrate that sleep protects declarative memories from subsequent associative interference, and it has important implications for understanding the neurobiology of memory consolidation... - Cognitive performance by humans during a smoked cocaine binge-abstinence cycleEdward F Pace-Schott
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 31:571-91. 2005..Declines were most evident in the afternoon. Data suggest that abstinence can unmask cognitive deficits induced by chronic cocaine use and circadian factors may mediate their severity... - Sleep, memory, and plasticityMatthew P Walker
Sleep and Neuroimaging, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Annu Rev Psychol 57:139-66. 2006.... - Sleep-dependent memory consolidationRobert Stickgold
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, 330 Brookline Avenue FD 861, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Nature 437:1272-8. 2005..Nevertheless, converging evidence, from the molecular to the phenomenological, leaves little doubt that offline memory reprocessing during sleep is an important component of how our memories are formed and ultimately shaped... - A brief nap is beneficial for human route-learning: The role of navigation experience and EEG spectral powerErin J Wamsley
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Learn Mem 17:332-6. 2010..Complementing observations that learning-related brain activity is reiterated during post-navigation NREM sleep in rodents, the present data demonstrate that NREM sleep confers a performance advantage for spatial memory in humans... - Cognitive replay of visuomotor learning at sleep onset: temporal dynamics and relationship to task performanceErin J Wamsley
The Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Sleep 33:59-68. 2010..Here, we examine whether memory reactivation in sleeping humans might also be evident within reports of concomitant subjective experience (i.e., dreaming)... - Sleep enhances category learningIna Djonlagic
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Learn Mem 16:751-5. 2009..Our results suggest that after training, a good night of sleep can lead to improved performance the following day on such tasks... - Reduced overnight consolidation of procedural learning in chronic medicated schizophrenia is related to specific sleep stagesDara S Manoach
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
J Psychiatr Res 44:112-20. 2010..They provide further evidence that sleep is an important contributor to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia... - Failure to find executive function deficits following one night's total sleep deprivation in university students under naturalistic conditionsEdward F Pace-Schott
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Behav Sleep Med 7:136-63. 2009..Behavioral and physiological adaptation to chronically sleep-restricting lifestyles may confer resistance to the cognitive effects of sleep deprivation in high-functioning young adults... - The role of sleep in false memory formationJessica D Payne
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Neurobiol Learn Mem 92:327-34. 2009..While these effects produce memories that are less accurate after sleep, these memories may, in the end, be more useful... - Sleep promotes generalization of extinction of conditioned fearEdward F Pace-Schott
Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, MA 02215, USA
Sleep 32:19-26. 2009..To examine the effects of sleep on fear conditioning, extinction, extinction recall, and generalization of extinction recall in healthy humans... - The sleeping brain's influence on verbal memory: boosting resistance to interferenceJeffrey M Ellenbogen
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
PLoS ONE 4:e4117. 2009..By introducing interference after sleep, this study confirms an experimental paradigm that demonstrates the active role of sleep in consolidating memory, and unmasks the large magnitude of that benefit... - Sleep preferentially enhances memory for emotional components of scenesJessica D Payne
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Psychol Sci 19:781-8. 2008..Memory for a negative scene develops differentially across time delays containing sleep and wake, with sleep selectively consolidating those aspects of memory that are of greatest value to the organism... - Individual differences in face recognition memory: comparison among habitual short, average, and long sleepersMelodee A Mograss
Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Behav Brain Res 208:576-83. 2010..In conclusion, our data show that individual differences in recognition memory performance may be associated with differences in habitual sleep duration... - Cocaine users differ from normals on cognitive tasks which show poorer performance during drug abstinenceEdward F Pace-Schott
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Center for Sleep and Cognition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 34:109-21. 2008.... - The role of sleep in declarative memory consolidation: passive, permissive, active or none?Jeffrey M Ellenbogen
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Feldberg 866, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Curr Opin Neurobiol 16:716-22. 2006..Although the precise causal mechanisms within sleep that result in memory consolidation remain elusive, recent evidence leads us to conclude that unique neurobiological processes within sleep actively enhance declarative memories... - Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidationMatthew P Walker
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Nature 425:616-20. 2003.... - Sleep-dependent learning: a nap is as good as a nightSara Mednick
Psychology Department, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
Nat Neurosci 6:697-8. 2003..Thus, from the perspective of behavioral improvement, a nap is as good as a night of sleep for learning on this perceptual task... - Sleep and the time course of motor skill learningMatthew P Walker
Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Learn Mem 10:275-84. 2003..Finally, whereas the majority of sleep-dependent motor-skill learning develops during the first night of sleep following training, additional nights of sleep still offer continued improvements... - Cognitive flexibility across the sleep-wake cycle: REM-sleep enhancement of anagram problem solvingMatthew P Walker
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 14:317-24. 2002.... - Eyelid movements measured by Nightcap predict slow eye movements during quiet wakefulness in humansMercedes Atienza
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
J Sleep Res 13:25-9. 2004..82% accuracy) at a time resolution of 2.5 s. Based on these results, we conclude that ELM density reliably predicts moderate changes in the level of alertness during quiet wakefulness... - Emotional experience during rapid-eye-movement sleep in narcolepsyRoar Fosse
Institute of Psychology, University in Oslo
Sleep 25:724-32. 2002..To describe emotional experience during sleep-onset rapid-eye-movement [(REM) SOREM] sleep and nighttime REM in narcoleptic patients and to relate any differences in REM emotion to the more general abnormalities of this disorder... - Thinking and hallucinating: reciprocal changes in sleepRoar Fosse
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Psychophysiology 41:298-305. 2004..Biological evidence supports the hypothesis that these cognitive changes are governed by specific state regulatory and neurocognitive processes at several levels of the brain... - Practice with sleep makes perfect: sleep-dependent motor skill learningMatthew P Walker
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 74 Fenwood Road, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Neuron 35:205-11. 2002..This finding of sleep-dependent motor skill improvement may have important implications for the efficient learning of all skilled actions in humans... - The restorative effect of naps on perceptual deteriorationSara C Mednick
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
Nat Neurosci 5:677-81. 2002..This performance deterioration was prevented either by shifting the target stimuli to an untrained region of visual space or by having the subjects take a mid-day nap between the second and third sessions... - Nightcap: a reliable system for determining sleep onset latencyJose L Cantero
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Sleep 25:238-45. 2002..These results suggest that the Nightcap may be a potential alternative to the PSG technique in the assessment of SOL in normal subjects... - Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled trial and direct comparisonGregg D Jacobs
Sleep Disorders Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Arch Intern Med 164:1888-96. 2004..The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of behavioral and pharmacological therapy, singly and in combination, for chronic sleep-onset insomnia... - A failure of sleep-dependent procedural learning in chronic, medicated schizophreniaDara S Manoach
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Rm 420, 36 First Avenue, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
Biol Psychiatry 56:951-6. 2004..This study tested the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia have a deficit in sleep-dependent procedural learning... - Sleep quality deteriorates over a binge--abstinence cycle in chronic smoked cocaine usersEdward F Pace-Schott
Laboratory of Neurophysiology Center for Sleep and Cognition and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 179:873-83. 2005..Reported here are results of the most extensive study to date on sleep abnormalities during cocaine binge and confirmed abstinence under controlled conditions... - It's practice, with sleep, that makes perfect: implications of sleep-dependent learning and plasticity for skill performanceMatthew P Walker
Sleep and Neuroimaging, Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Clin Sports Med 24:301-17, ix. 2005..In conclusion, a consideration of the fundamental importance of sleep in real-life skill learning is provided... - Sleep and vestibular adaptation: implications for function in microgravityJ A Hobson
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, USA
J Vestib Res 8:81-94. 1998..Using these techniques we will test the hypothesis that vestibular adaptation both provokes and is enhanced by REM sleep under both ground-based and space conditions. In this paper we describe preliminary results of some of our studies... - Finding the stuff that dreams are made ofR Stickgold
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
ScientificWorldJournal 1:211-2. 2001..In 1977, Hobson and McCarley proposed the activation-synthesis model for dream construction based on the physiological features of REM sleep, but since then the field has shown surprisingly little progress... - Sleep-dependent learning and motor-skill complexityKenichi Kuriyama
Center for Sleep and Cognition, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Learn Mem 11:705-13. 2004..4% improvement. Together, these findings suggest that the sleep-dependent learning process selectively provides maximum benefit to motor-skill procedures that proved to be most difficult prior to sleep... - Sleep-dependent theta oscillations in the human hippocampus and neocortexJose L Cantero
Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
J Neurosci 23:10897-903. 2003.... - Visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding in sighted subjectsLotfi B Merabet
Laboratory for Magnetic Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
J Neuroophthalmol 24:109-13. 2004..Subjects were insightful as to their unreal nature. These results indicate that rapid and complete visual deprivation is sufficient to induce visual hallucinations in normal subjects... - The simplest way to reboot your brainRobert Stickgold
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
Harv Bus Rev 87:36, 138. 2009..Research shows that even a few minutes of sleep can improve memory and problem-solving skills. In light of the potential benefits to productivity and performance, you may want to encourage your employees to catch a few winks during the day... - Individual differences in subjective and objective alertness during sleep deprivation are stable and unrelatedRachel Leproult
Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 284:R280-90. 2003..These findings indicate that sleep deprivation has highly reproducible, but independent, effects on brain mechanisms controlling subjective and objective alertness... - Dissecting sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Comment on Schabus M et al. Sleep spindles and their significance for declarative memory consolidation. Sleep 2004;27(8):1479-85Robert Stickgold
Sleep 27:1443-5. 2004 - Neuroscience: a memory boost while you sleepRobert Stickgold
Nature 444:559-60. 2006 - Of sleep, memories and traumaRobert Stickgold
Nat Neurosci 10:540-2. 2007 - Do lonely days invade the nights? Potential social modulation of sleep efficiencyJohn T Cacioppo
Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Psychol Sci 13:384-7. 2002..These results also raise the possibility that social factors such as loneliness not only may influence the selection of health behaviors but also may modulate the salubrity of restorative behaviors... - Posttraining sleep enhances automaticity in perceptual discriminationMercedes Atienza
Centro Andaluz de Biologia y Desarollo, University Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
J Cogn Neurosci 16:53-64. 2004.... - Is television traumatic? Dreams, stress, and media exposure in the aftermath of September 11, 2001Ruth E Propper
Psychology Department, Merrimack College, 315 Turnpike Street, North Andover, MA 01845, USA
Psychol Sci 18:334-40. 2007..Because of the study's within-subjects design, the results provide evidence for a direct association between television viewing and subsequent increases in stress and trauma...