DONNA L SPIEGELMAN

..Even in populations with no access to antiretroviral treatments, interventions to reduce the incidence of low birth weight would result in a significant reduction in infant mortality...

..New England J Med 340 (1999) 1390). A user-friendly SAS macro implementing the methods described in this paper is available via the worldwide web...

..Vitamin D comes from dietary intake and sun exposure and plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are considered the best measure of vitamin D status...

..Results of this study will help inform future research and potential preventive and therapeutic interventions against such chronic diseases...

..This paper describes 2 statistical methods designed to correct for bias from exposure measurement error in point and interval estimates of relative risk...

..The methods are illustrated through application to data from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals' Follow-up Study, and comparisons are made to more restrictive models...

..The remainder of this review gives an overview of available methods for doing so. Just as we routinely adjust for confounding, we can and should routinely adjust for measurement error...

..In these data, because the validation studies contained less than 200 observations and the events of interest were relatively rare, as is typical, the potential improvements offered by this new estimator were not apparent...

..The objective of this study was to compare estimated nutrient intakes from 3-day food records vs Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in a large cohort of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection...

..We examined prospectively intakes of vitamins A. C, and E, folate, and specific carotenoids in relation to the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) in women...

..Evaluate the baseline nutrient intake of an HIV positive population that includes significant representation from women and minorities, and determine the relationship between state of disease and nutritional intake...

..Dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D were not associated with bone loss, but most children had suboptimal intake. However, multivitamin use was strongly associated with better bone mineral density...

..The benefits appeared to be primarily for cardiovascular disease and not for cancer...

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..Prospective cohort studies in Japanese populations have shown an inverse association between dietary protein and stroke risk. However, this association has not been examined among any study populations of US men...

..Statistical power to examine associations by colon site has been limited in previous studies...

..Even though weight loss was rare in this cohort of patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy, loss of LBM was common and was driven by catabolic cytokines and not by inadequate dietary intake or hypogonadism...

..CONCLUSION: There is insufficient evidence to support the hypothesis that breastfeeding is detrimental to the health of HIV-infected women...

..Low serum micronutrient levels were common before widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and were associated with adverse outcomes. Few data are available on micronutrient levels in subjects taking HAART...

..Although smoking is the strongest risk factor for lung cancer, greater intake of foods high in beta-cryptoxanthin, such as citrus fruit, may modestly lower the risk...

..Associations for total fruits and vegetables were similar for different histologic types. These results suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption in adulthood has no important association with the risk of ovarian cancer...

..BMI was also directly associated with CD4 count and inversely related to age more than 55 years old. HIV-infected cocaine users may be at higher risk of developing malnutrition, suggesting the need for anticipatory nutritional support...

..CONCLUSION: The usefulness of adipose tissue and plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of intake is similar, although correlations for individual carotenoids vary substantially...

..On the other hand, some epidemiologic studies suggest that the Ala allele is associated with a higher risk of cancer, including prostate cancer...

..Percent body fat estimated from BIA was minimally predictive of the physiological markers independent of BMI. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that BIA is not superior to BMI as a predictor of overall adiposity in a general population...

..Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and type II diabetes. Most of the metabolic abnormalities defining metabolic syndrome are observed in HIV...

..Left-handedness was associated with a 62% increased risk of PD in women but not in men. Further investigation of the relation between prenatal, perinatal, or neonatal factors and PD in other study populations is suggested...

..In addition, FFM or BCM estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis does not add further prognostic value over weight loss...

..CONCLUSIONS: Waist gain may be modulated by changes in trans fat and fiber consumption, smoking cessation, and physical activity...

..However, data on the association between alcohol consumption and CVD among individuals with hypertension are scarce...

..We found a positive association between intake of milk and acne. This finding supports earlier studies and suggests that the metabolic effects of milk are sufficient to elicit biological responses in consumers...

..We hypothesized that cellular DNMT3B level might influence the occurrence of widespread CpG island methylation (i.e., the CpG island methylator phenotype, CIMP) in colon cancer...

..01 and 0.05 for trend, respectively). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that gamma-tocopherol does not protect against nonfatal MI...

..In this prospective cohort study, we determined the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA load and body weight in patients with HIV infection...

..To determine the relationship between incident depression symptoms and suboptimal adherence to HIV highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)...

..We prospectively investigated the risk of self-reported uterine leiomyomata in relation to body mass index (BMI), weight change, height, waist and hip circumferences, and waist-to-hip ratio in a large cohort of U.S black women...

..No evidence was found that vitamins A, C and E; folate; or carotenoids play an important protective role against incident SCC...

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..Prospective studies in US women have suggested an inverse relation between dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, no large-scale prospective studies have been conducted in US men...

..However, we cannot rule out the possibility that our results are due to residual confounding by smoking. The primary focus for reducing lung cancer incidence should continue to be smoking prevention and cessation...

..Animal and in vitro studies suggest that aspirin may inhibit breast cancer metastasis. We studied whether aspirin use among women with breast cancer decreased their risk of death from breast cancer...

..Fish oil consumption has been associated with symptom improvement in studies of women with primary dysmenorrhea and with decreased endometriosis risk in autotransplantation animal studies...

..To examine the association between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) intake and colorectal cancer incidence...

..The minimum dosage of multivitamins necessary for optimal benefits is unknown...

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..The combination of healthy lifestyle factors is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and total cardiovascular disease. Little is known about the impact of multiple lifestyle factors on the risk of stroke...

..We evaluated intakes of whole grain, bran, and germ in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in prospective cohort studies...

..Multivitamin supplementation was shown to be effective in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV-positive women. These protective effects could be mediated in part by an improvement in the pattern of gestational weight gain...

..CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not support an association between total mercury exposure and the risk of coronary heart disease, but a weak relation cannot be ruled out...

..We conducted a prospective analysis of the relation between dietary fat intake and breast cancer risk among premenopausal women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study II...

..We found no evidence that higher intakes of vitamins C and E, and folate in early adult life reduce risk of breast cancer. However, intake of vitamin A may be related to a reduced risk of breast cancer among smokers...

..Adequate folate intake may be important in the primary prevention of overall major chronic disease in women, especially among younger women consuming more than two alcoholic drinks per day...

..Other than premenstrual dysphoria, few studies have examined the extent to which basic characteristics of the menstrual cycle and the occurrence of other reproductive landmarks impact on the risk of major depression...

..Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a leading cause of death in India. Dietary changes could reduce risk, but few studies have addressed the association between diet and IHD risk in India...

..Five biallelic haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms are estimated to capture 99% of the haplotype diversity in Caucasian populations...

..Results from observational studies suggest that micronutrient status is a determinant of the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease...

..Selenium status may be important for clinical outcomes related to HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa...

..HIV-1 transmission through breastfeeding is a global problem and has been associated with poor maternal micronutrient status...

..We evaluated insulin resistance (IR) in an HIV-infected cohort and compared our results with those of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III)...

..For estrone and estradiol, where ICCs were relatively low, it is important to use reproducibility data such as those to correct for measurement error in epidemiologic studies...

..These results suggest that consumption of the major carotenoids during adulthood does not play a major role in the incidence of ovarian cancer...

..We prospectively evaluated associations between plasma sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk among premenopausal women in a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study II...

..This study examines the current role of childhood social environment in the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma...

..Anemia is a frequent complication among HIV-infected persons and is associated with faster disease progression and mortality...

..We hypothesize that vitamin A supplementation could ameliorate the adverse effect of these infections on child growth...

..User-friendly, public use software development will be a focus of all new methods development. ..

..The Berkson measurement error model will be considered, and missing data methodology will be incorporated when relevant. ..

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