Joshua Sanes

..In each case, the synaptic isoform plays key roles in organizing the neuromuscular junction. Here, we analyze the fourth family, composed of nidogen-1 and -2...

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..Specification of any circuit is likely to involve integration of multiple mechanisms. Recent studies of vertebrate and invertebrate systems have led to the identification of molecules that mediate a few of these interactions...

..The ability of the Brainbow system to label uniquely many individual cells within a population may facilitate the analysis of neuronal circuitry on a large scale...

..Here we review recent advances in this area, along with some of the opportunities that these advances present and the obstacles that remain...

..Taking account of these subtype-specific features will facilitate identification of the molecules and cells that regulate arbor formation...

..Remarkably similar objections were voiced when the Human Genome Project, now widely viewed as a success, was first proposed. We revisit that controversy to ask if it holds any lessons for proposals to map the connectome...

..Some of these new collaterals form additional direct synapses onto motoneurons. We propose that CST-YFP mice will be useful for evaluating strategies designed to maximize such remodeling and to promote regeneration...

..These results demonstrate a critical effect of aging on synaptic structure and provide evidence that interventions capable of extending health span and lifespan can partially reverse these age-related synaptic changes...

..Thus, JAM-B identifies a unique population of RGCs in which structure corresponds remarkably to function...

..We propose that versican provides a lamina-specific cue for presynaptic maturation and discuss the related but distinct effects of versican depletion and VVA blockade...

..SIRP family proteins may act together with other organizing molecules to pattern synapses...

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..Together, our results on Dscams and Sidekicks suggest the existence of an IgSF code for laminar specificity in retina and, by implication, in other parts of the central nervous system...

..The cell-, temporal-, and species-specific expression of synaptotagmin isoforms suggests that each may have distinct functions in neurotransmitter release...

..These recent studies challenge the widely-held paradigms, although not the results that led to them, and suggest a new model for neuromuscular synaptogenesis...

..Similar interactions between neurotransmitters and synaptic organizing molecules may operate at synapses in the central nervous system...

..This retrograde influence must be integrated with known anterograde influences in order to understand how motor units become homogeneous...

..These results demonstrate that localization and function of Sidekick-2 require its incorporation into a MAGI-containing synaptic scaffold...

..Our results represent what we believe is a new approach for musculoskeletal tissue engineering, and our model sheds light on mechanisms of myotube alignment in vivo...

..Together, our results suggest that the birthdays of amacrine cells independently specify their destinations and subtype identities...

..Together with previous studies implicating laminins as organizers of presynaptic differentiation, these results show that laminins coordinate post- with presynaptic maturation...

..Thus, multiple target-derived signals permit discrete control of the formation, maturation, and maintenance of presynaptic specializations...

..These results are consistent with the idea that dendritic structural remodeling is a substrate for adult plasticity and they suggest that circuit rearrangement in the adult cortex is restricted by cell type-specific rules...

..These mice permit non-invasive time-lapse monitoring of responses to injury in vivo. They can be used to detect epidermal activation and to test agents that may provoke or attenuate epidermal responses...

..Using these strategies we hope eventually to elucidate mechanisms that promote lamina- specific synapse formation and, by extension, defects in specificity that may underlie behavioral disorders. ..

..The hope is that this strategy will eventually elucidate mechanisms that promote laminar-specific synapse formation in mammals. ..

..Through this work, we hope to gain insight into the retrograde signals that target cells use to determine patterns of innervation. ..

..Through this work, we hope to gain insight into molecules and mechanisms necessary for construction of synapses, which are the fundamental information-processing units of the nervous system. ..

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..Using these strategies we hope eventually to elucidate mechanisms that promote lamina- specific synapse formation and, by extension, defects in specificity that may underlie behavioral disorders. ..

..Using these strategies we hope eventually to elucidate mechanisms that promote lamina- specific synapse formation and, by extension, defects in specificity that may underlie behavioral disorders. ..

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..Using these strategies, we hope eventually to elucidate mechanisms that promote lamina-specific synapse formation and, by extension, synaptic specificity generally ..

..These comparisons will provide insight into the variety of genealogical and migratory strategies that the nervous system uses to generate diversity...

..Through this work, we hope to gain some insight into how muscles use cell surface molecules to determine patterns of innervation...