A Pascual-Leone

..These plastic changes are fundamental to the accomplishment of skillful playing, but they pose a risk for the development of motor control dysfunctions that may give rise to overuse syndromes and focal, task-specific dystonia...

..TMS can enhance the results of other neuroimaging techniques by establishing the causal link between brain activity and task performance, and by exploring functional brain connectivity...

..Most patients with Parkinson's disease have cognitive and behavior disorders during the course of their illness...

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..Left- and right-sided brain areas might be involved in parallel processing of semantic and object features of the stimuli, respectively...

..CONCLUSION: The bi-hemispheric control of volitional movement and the modulation from brainstem projections appear to markedly influence intracortical inhibitory and excitatory systems in the motor cortical representation of o. oculi...

..The presence of such an effect is consistent with the notion of a mirror neuron system in premotor areas that couples action execution and action observation also in terms of temporal coding...

..To study the efficacy of 15 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treating depression in patients with Parkinson's disease...

..The differential effect of rTMS on task performance and corroborative clinical evidence suggest that occipital cortex is engaged in tactile tasks requiring fine spatial discrimination...

..Our data suggest effects of relatively long duration (approximately 100 ms) when TMS is applied while functional neuronal activity evolves...

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..These results underline the potential of focal brain dysfunction to produce behavioral improvement and give experimental support to models of interhemispheric competition in the distributed brain network for spatial attention...

..These effects were short lasting. These results replicate the findings of the previous study and, in addition, show preliminary evidence that anodal tDCS of LTA induces a similar transient tinnitus reduction as high-frequency rTMS...

..This method of 'virtual lesions' can expand the study of the role of the cerebellum in motor control and cognition...

..Instead, IpsiLM1 may reveal an enhanced interhemispheric inhibition from the right hemisphere upon the left to suppress superfluous, excessive activation...

..However, the musicians also showed significant facilitation in the left FDI, while controls did not. These results illustrate striking effects of musical training on lateralization of motor and language functions...

..These findings suggest that indirect pathways, probably through somatosensory cortex and other areas, enhance intracortical motor excitability in a somatotopically organized manner...

..To determine if blind people have heightened tactile spatial acuity...

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..LSTM appears to increase contralateral fMRI activation in striate and extrastriate cortical areas as predicted by earlier studies reporting differential cognitive and/or emotional effects from unilateral sensory or motor stimulation...

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..This dissociation may reflect a distinction between anticipatory and perceptive components of emotional stimulus processing...

..They suggest that the momentary direction of attention, predicting spatial biases in imminent visual processing, can be estimated from a lateralization index of posterior alpha-activity...

..These data confirm previous reports showing specific motor neural responses associated with an unseen visual stimulus and establish TMS as a valuable tool in the study of the neural correlates of consciousness...

..Consolidation is not a single process; instead, there are multiple routes to off-line learning, and the engagement of these distinct mechanisms is determined by when consolidation takes place...

..The degree of modulation depends on hand orientation. The modulation is maximal when the observed action corresponds to the orientation of the observer...

..These findings provide a physiologic correlate to the reported behavioral consequences of off-line 1-Hz rTMS and reveal the transitory nature of the effects...

..These results are in agreement with previous research indicating that self-directed awareness is correlated with right prefrontal activity...

..Although TMS can help bridge the gap between psychological models and brain-based arguments of cognitive functions, hypothesis-driven carefully designed experiments that acknowledge the current limitations of TMS are critical...

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..We used transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe the timing and function of feedback from human area MT+/V5 to V1 and found its action to be early and critical for awareness of visual motion...

..Although depression is highly prevalent in Parkinson disease (PD), little is known about the neural correlates associated with depression and antidepressant treatment in PD...

..Thus, light deprivation is characterized by a transient increase in visual cortical excitability, followed by a sustained decrease in visual cortex excitability that quickly returns to baseline levels after re-exposure to light...

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..Thus, in the anesthetized animal, the impact of rTMS is upon a distributed network of structures connected to the primary site of application...

..The findings are consistent with previous differential electrophysiological and behavioral effects of low and high frequency rTMS patterns and provide support to uses of rTMS in neuromodulation...

..Reciprocal modulation and attenuation in medial and lateral prefrontal cortex might constitute the neurophysiologic basis for emotional-cognitive interaction as observed in both healthy and psychiatric subjects...

..We conclude that the psychological concept of emotional valence may be related to neural processing in cortical midline regions...

..This enhancement effect is not present in neutral pictures and might parallel accentuated subjective feeling states...

..Brain SPECT can provide information about mechanisms of action of rTMS and may have predictive value for the antidepressant efficacy of rTMS...

..These data suggest the existence of a functional link between 'motor empathy' and psychopathy...

..Our findings showing a decreased interhemispheric modulation in patients with major depression are consistent with the notion that mood disorders are associated with slow interhemispheric switching mechanisms...

..Our findings highlight the spatial specificity of inter-hemispheric TMS effects, illustrate the superiority of navigated rTMS for certain applications, and have implications for therapeutic applications of rTMS...

..The data suggest that participants are inclined to identify images as their own when the right hemisphere is preferentially accessed...

..Sham stimulation did not induce any noticeable change in M or H waves. Slow rTMS might facilitate monosynaptic spinal cord reflexes by inhibiting the cortico-spinal projections modulating spinal excitability...

..In sum, the PET results showed that when patterns of stripes are visualized, Area 17 is activated, and the rTMS results showed that such activation underlies information processing...

..SIGNIFICANCE: rTMS under the present guidelines is safe, with minimal adverse effects, when applied to non-motor areas...

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..CONCLUSIONS: Cortical excitability, particularly ICI, measured by PP TMS shows no inter-hemispheric asymmetry and is reproducible within individuals...

..These results suggest that the appropriate modulation of bihemispheric brain structures can promote motor function recovery...

..To study the effects of cathodal DC polarization in patients with refractory epilepsy and malformations of cortical development (MCDs) as indexed by seizure frequency and epileptiform EEG discharges...

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..To study the antiepileptic effects of rTMS in patients with refractory epilepsy and malformations of cortical development in a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial...

..This paper reviews the stroke characteristics that can predict a good recovery and compensations across brain areas that can be implemented after a stroke to accelerate motor function recovery...

..These results confirm and extend the notion that cortical brain stimulation might improve motor function in patients with PD...

..We therefore conducted a randomized, sham-controlled, phase II trial to evaluate whether five sessions of low-frequency rTMS can increase the magnitude and duration of these effects and whether this approach is safe...

..We conclude that concepts are abstracted away from sensory-motor experience and organized according to conceptual properties...

..Therefore, we aimed to study the effects of 1 Hz rTMS on corticospinal excitability in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) in two different conditions: low- or high-plasma valproate levels...

..We discuss potential mechanisms for pain amelioration after tDCS, such as a secondary modulation of thalamic nuclei activity...

..Lastly, a framework that includes the parameters of stimulation (intensity, frequency, number of pulses, and site of stimulation) for the treatment of depression in neurologic diseases is proposed...

..The challenge we face is to learn enough about the mechanisms of plasticity to modulate them to achieve the best behavioral outcome for a given subject...

..Off-line improvements of similar magnitude are not supported by similar mechanisms; instead, the mechanisms engaged may depend on brain state...

..They further support the notion of the role of the mirror system as neural substrate for the observing-execution matching system and extend the current knowledge regarding mechanisms that trigger the internal representation of an action...

..These data provide experimental support for the notion that MT/V5 subserves perception and storage of the motion aftereffect...

..Our findings provide further evidence for the view that the effects of TMS are modulated by the initial activation state of the targeted neural population...

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..Such a phenomenon allows a behavioural effect of progressively higher magnitude, but equal duration, in response to individual TMS interventions...

..These changes were not related to mood changes after any type of tDCS treatment. The effects of tDCS on food craving might be related to a modulation of neural circuits associated with reward and decision-making...

..These results show a behavioral dissociation, based upon an individual's awareness for having learned a sequence of finger movements. Offline learning is sleep dependent for explicit skills but time dependent for implicit skills...

..These issues have important implications for the development of visual prosthesis aimed at restoring some degree of vision in the blind...

..However, success in developing functional visual prostheses requires an understanding of how to communicate effectively with the visually deprived brain in order to merge what is perceived visually with what is generated electrically...

..Recognizing objects by their typical sounds or learning to associate specific soundscapes with specific objects do not activate this region. This suggests that LOtv is driven by the presence of shape information...

..Furthermore, this effect depends on the stimulation polarity and is specific to the site of stimulation. This result may be helpful to develop future interventions aiming at clinical benefits...

..To study the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on epileptic EEG discharges in patients with refractory epilepsy and malformations of cortical development (MCDs)...

..Only those re-tested 4 h or 12 h after initial testing showed off-line improvements. This demonstrates that implicitly acquired skills can increase between sessions and the process occurs over hours...

..Such interventions to guide behavior or treat pathological symptomatology might be more immediate in their behavioral repercussion and thus more effective than approaches intent on addressing underlying genetic predispositions...

..Further trials must determine the optimum parameters of stimulation. After that, confirmatory, larger studies are mandatory...

..Specifically, an understanding of the adaptive and compensatory changes that occur within the brain could assist in guiding the development of post-implantation rehabilitative strategies and optimize behavioral outcomes...

..We propose that the disruption of this mechanism is the underlying cause of a wide range of seemingly unrelated tasks being impaired in right parietal patients...

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..The induced currents decayed with distance form the coil and varied with alterations in coil orientations. These results provide novel insight into the physical and neurophysiological processes of TMS...

..Understanding how physical activity and eating behaviours interact on a neurocognitive level may help to maintain a healthy lifestyle in an obesogenic environment...

..Patients showed a significant decrease in simple and choice reaction time and improved performance of the Purdue Pegboard test with their affected hand after rTMS of the motor cortex in the intact hemisphere as compared with sham rTMS...

..TMS, across applied stimulation sites and parameters, can exert a significant, albeit modest, positive effect on the motor function of patients with PD. ECT also may exert a significant effect on motor function in PD patients...

..A recent study, however, finds activation of the prefrontal cortex during such tasks regardless of awareness. So what is the neurophysiological basis of awareness, and what is the role of the prefrontal cortex in sequence learning?..

..This is consistent with the idea that alpha desynchronization serves an integrative role through a corticocortical "gating function."..

..The latter consists of the conventional placement of the TMS coil on the optimal scalp position for activation of the first dorsal interossei (FDI) muscle...

..This study has important implications for functional imaging experiments of neurological disorders in older subjects...

..Transient disruption of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex affected performance in both tasks. These findings provide evidence of domain-specific segregation of WM functions in widely separated areas of prefrontal cortex...

..To offer an introduction to the neurophysiologic technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)...

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..Thus, we present this case to illustrate a potential utility of combined continuous EEG recording and rTMS in seizure treatment...

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..Our results suggest that the rostral parts of the SMA play an important role in aspects of functional bimanual tasks, which involve tight temporal coordination between different motor actions of the two hands...

..1) To verify whether the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is specifically involved in visuomotor sequence learning as opposed to other forms of motor learning and (2) to establish the role of executive functions in visuomotor sequence learning...