Simin Liu

..Although current dietary guidelines for Americans recommend increased intake of grain products to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD), epidemiologic data relating whole-grain intake to the risk of CHD are sparse...

..Although breakfast cereals are a major source of whole and refined grains, little is known about their direct association with the risk of premature mortality...

..Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in lipid metabolism. Three common alleles in the APOE gene, E2/E3/E4, have been associated with lipoprotein disorders but their effects on myocardial infarction (MI) risk remain uncertain...

..This study was designed to examine the hypothesis that higher intake of dietary fiber is inversely related to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and myocardial infarction (MI) in a large prospective cohort of women...

..In epidemiologic studies, dietary glycemic load (GL) is positively associated with risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes...

..However, due to the chemical and physical complexity of vegetables, the effects of individual nutrients may differ if eaten as whole foods. Moreover, little is known about the direct association between vegetable intake and risk of CHD...

..Prospective data relating fruit and vegetable intake to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are sparse, particularly for women...

..Although increased intake of grain products has been recommended to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD), prospective data examining the relation of whole grain intake to risk of ischemic stroke are sparse, especially among women...

..This study examined the association between intake of whole vs refined grain and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus...

..Recent data suggest a protective role of carotenoids in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), possibly via an antioxidant effect, but no randomized trial has directly assessed the efficacy of beta-carotene to prevent DM...

..Little is known about the effects of the amount and type of carbohydrates on risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)...

..24, and TG = 13 mg/dL). Differences in blood lipids and CRP between extreme quintiles of dietary GI and GL were small, but may translate into a clinically meaningful difference in cardiovascular risk...

..Although increased consumption of dietary fiber and grain products is widely recommended to maintain healthy body weight, little is known about the relation of whole grains to body weight and long-term weight changes...

..In conclusion, common genetic variants in the intron 1 of FTO gene may confer a modest susceptibility to obesity in an ethnicity-specific manner, but may be unlikely to contribute to a clinically significant diabetes risk...

..Circulating sex hormone-binding globulin levels are inversely associated with insulin resistance, but whether these levels can predict the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is uncertain...

..The aim of this study was to examine whether and to what extent magnesium intake is related to systemic inflammation and the metabolic syndrome...

..We assessed the association between magnesium intake and fasting insulin levels in a large cohort of women...

..006), whereas APOA4 +347T/A showed significant associations with lower levels of HDL-C (P=0.017). Our results indicate that the variability in APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster may affect TG and HDL levels in women with type 2 diabetes...

..07). Although there was no evidence of associations between GL, GI, or carbohydrate and total breast cancer risk in WHI participants, the suggestion of an association between GL and risk of in situ cancers requires further investigation...

..We conducted a prospective, nested case control study to investigate the relation between baseline plasma adiponectin, measures of adiposity, and subsequent risk of hypertension...

..91 (95% CI: 0.46, 1.81) for beta-cryptoxanthin, and 1.35 (95% CI: 0.68, 2.69) for lutein/zeaxanthin. There was no prospective association between baseline plasma carotenoids and the risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older women...

..When vegetable sources of fat and protein are chosen, these diets may moderately reduce the risk of coronary heart disease...

..However, it is unclear whether common genetic variation in TRPM6 and TRPM7 contributes to risk of type 2 diabetes...

..To examine in prospective data the relation between dietary intake of carotenoids and vitamins C and E and the risk of cataract in women...

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..However, epidemiologic studies have yet to compare multiple corresponding biomarkers in relation to risk of hypertension, particularly in multiethnic populations...

..Given that both a high cereal fiber content and lower glycemic index are attributes of whole-grain foods, recommendation to increase whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome...

..The aim of the present study was to examine the association of dietary flavonol and flavone intake with type 2 diabetes, and biomarkers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation...

..Low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets remain popular; however, the long-term effects of these diets are not known...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of dietary fibers and glycemic load with plasma adiponectin in diabetic women and investigate the modification effect of obesity...

..5 pmol/l among those at the highest quartile (P = 0.03 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support a protective role of higher intake of magnesium in reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, especially in overweight women...

..Adiponectin may improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and ameliorate glycemic control. However, few studies have evaluated dietary predictors of plasma adiponectin levels, especially among subjects with type 2 diabetes...

..78 and 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 0.91 and 0.76 to 1.00, respectively). DISCUSSION: BMI and weight gain were inversely associated with intake of breakfast cereals, independently of other risk factors...

..Prospective studies linking whole- and refined-grain intakes with the risk of hypertension, a major cardiovascular disease risk factor, remain limited...

..03-2.08, P = 0.03). These data suggest a potential interaction between the adiponectin genotype and PPAR gamma genotype or obesity, but these analyses should be considered exploratory and require further investigation in larger studies...

..CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a modest positive association between the consumption of potatoes and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. This association was more pronounced when potatoes were substituted for whole grains...

..To examine whether and to what extent intakes of calcium and vitamin D are related to the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged or older women...

..S. postmenopausal women, implicating an etiological role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes...

..Although studies have indicated that increased dairy intake may reduce risk of overweight and insulin resistance syndrome, data directly relating dairy intake to type 2 diabetes remain sparse...

..In addition, high consumption of cereal fiber was associated with lower risk of total and hemorrhagic stroke...

..To examine the association between magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes...

..To assess the associations among baseline levels of fasting insulin and proinsulin, proinsulin:insulin ratio, and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in apparently healthy middle-aged women...

..37 for haplotypes in block 2). In conclusion, we did not observe any significant associations of the common SNPs or haplotypes across the CAPN10 gene with diabetes risk in our large and ethnically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women...

..Our study found little evidence for an association between dietary intake of lycopene or lycopene-containing foods and the risk of type 2 DM...

..High intakes of GL, fructose, and sucrose were related to an elevated colorectal cancer risk among men. For women, however, these factors did not seem to increase the risk of colorectal cancer...

..In conclusion, the results suggest that higher intake of dietary magnesium may have a modest effect on the development of hypertension in women...

..Genetic variants in the UCP2-UCP3 gene cluster, located on chromosome 11q13, may play a significant role in the development of type 2 diabetes...

..Increasing evidence suggests an important role of carbohydrate quality in the development of type 2 diabetes...

..However, prospective data regarding its relation to diabetes risk in ethnically diverse populations are limited...

..To evaluate the dietary predictors for the markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes...

..To examine elevated depressive symptoms and antidepressant use in relation to diabetes incidence in the Women's Health Initiative...

..More long-term controlled trials are needed to improve our understanding of efficacy and mechanisms. Women and a variety of racial/ethnic groups should be represented in these studies whenever possible...

..This study also confirmed the lack of an overall association between intake of fiber and fiber types and breast cancer risk observed in other prospective studies...

..CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that higher consumption of total red meat, especially various processed meats, may increase risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women...

..Nuts are high in unsaturated (polyunsaturated and monounsaturated) fat and other nutrients that may improve glucose and insulin homeostasis...

..83-1.04) (P = 0.21) compared with those randomized to placebo. In this large trial with 10-year follow-up, alternate-day doses of 600 IU vitamin E provided no significant benefit for type 2 diabetes in initially healthy women...

..We aimed to examine whether pregravid dietary fiber consumptions from cereal, fruit, and vegetable sources and dietary glycemic load were related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk...

..Certain dietary components may play a role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes...

..In conclusion, the results do not support the hypothesis that magnesium intake reduces the development of CHD, although a modest inverse association with stroke cannot be ruled out...

..Glycemic effects of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) low-fat dietary intervention are unknown...

..Much uncertainty exists about the role of dietary glycemic index and glycemic load in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in populations that traditionally subsist on a diet high in carbohydrates...

..Recent prospective data suggest that intake of rapidly digested and absorbed carbohydrates with a high dietary glycemic load is associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease...

..It seems prudent, therefore, to distinguish whole-grain rather than refined-grain cereal products for the prevention of chronic diseases...

..However, whether genetic variations in the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster are associated with the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) remains uncertain and prospective data are sparse...

..These prospective data support the recent American Diabetes Association's guideline that a moderate amount of sugar can be incorporated in a healthy diet...

..An association between serum insulin levels and pancreatic cancer risk was reported in a recent study, but the population was composed of heavy smokers and their findings may not be generalizable to nonsmokers...

..CONCLUSION: Increased intakes of whole grains may reduce disease risk by means of favorable effects on metabolic risk factors...

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..However, whether this polymorphism is associated with risk of myocardial infarction (MI) is uncertain...

..Prevention of this devastating disease calls for the identification of culture-sensitive measures that can be applied to the population in general and some high-risk minority groups in particular...

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..0); for high DGL, it was 1.8 (95% confidence interval: 0.8, 4.0). Diets with proportionally high DGI or DGL may put the developing fetus at risk of an NTD, adding further evidence that hyperglycemia lies within the pathogenic pathway...

..Prospective data on cataract in relation to total fruit and vegetable intake are limited...

..Despite emerging evidence of the role of flavonoids in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, the association remains unclear...

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..We prospectively examined the association between dietary intakes of fruit, vegetables, and fiber and colorectal cancer risk in a large female cohort from the Women's Health Study...

..Our findings also suggest that both large-scale, well-designed association studies and functional studies are warranted to either reliably confirm or conclusively refute the initial hypothesis regarding the role of CAPN10 in T2D risk...

..09, 95% CI = 1.13 to 3.87; P(trend) =.08) were also statistically significantly associated with increased risk. Thus, our data indicate that a diet with a high dietary glycemic load may increase the risk of colorectal cancer in women...

..Prospective studies of a larger sample size and longer duration are warranted to confirm our findings...

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..The purpose of this study was to conduct a pooled analysis of dietary fiber and its subtypes and risk of coronary heart disease...

..The aim of this study was to examine the associations between dietary intake of magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults...

..Epidemiologic studies have suggested a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) at higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, and whole grain. Whether this association is due to antioxidant vitamins or some other factors remains unclear...

..We investigated whether diets high in foods that increase postprandial glucose levels are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer...

..Few studies have evaluated carotenoids and vitamins C and E in association with the risk of breast cancers defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status...