Peter Kraft

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..Overall, Bayesian latent class analyses provided no obvious improvement over maximum-likelihood estimation. However, our results may not be able to be generalized due to the large effect simulated in the human leukocyte antigen-DR locus...

..Algorithms incorporating gene x gene interaction to prioritize markers for follow-up will require further development...

..004) and ttth1-ttth4 (p = 0.004) phenotype(s). We find that both univariate- and multivariate-based screening techniques are powerful tools for detecting an association...

..Such collaborations also ensure a common approach to measuring variation at a genetic locus, avoiding a problem that has led to difficulties when comparing results from genetic association studies...

..This makes the joint test an attractive tool for large-scale association scans where the true gene-environment interaction model is unknown...

..An application to progesterone-receptor haplotypes and endometrial cancer further illustrates that the performance of all these methods depends on how well the observed haplotypes "tag" the unobserved causal variant...

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..Epidemiologists need to be aware of these potential problems: as authors, to avoid or minimize them, and as readers, to detect them...

..2 and 2.4, respectively). In this study, multivariate analysis provides no increase in power; this is likely due to the strong positive correlation in systolic blood pressure measured at different ages...

..We argue that other measures--such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values--are more useful when proposing a genetic profile for risk prediction...

..7, consistent with earlier estimates. Our extension of the MFG test has general application to family-based studies of maternal-genotype and MFG interaction effects...

..These data suggest that inherited variants in ESR2 (while possibly conferring a small increased risk of breast cancer) are not associated with appreciable (OR > 1.2) changes in breast cancer risk among Caucasian women...

..Overall, these tanning ability-related loci are similar to the hair color-related loci previously reported in the GWAS of hair color...

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..Our study provides evidence for the contribution of pigmentation genetic variants, in addition to the MC1R variants, to variation in human pigmentary phenotypes and possibly the development of skin cancer...

..A long-standing hypothesis has been that inherited variation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene plays a role in prostate cancer initiation. However, studies to date have been inconclusive and often suffered from small sample sizes...

..Nonetheless, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that IGF-1- and IL-6-related gene variation influences susceptibility to multiple myeloma and warrant confirmation in larger populations...

..Estrogen receptor beta (ESR2) may play a role in modulating prostate carcinogenesis through the regulation of genes related to cell proliferation and apoptosis...

..Our findings do not support the hypothesis that common germ line variation in CYP17 makes a substantial contribution to postmenopausal breast or prostate cancer susceptibility...

..We hypothesized: 1) A(1) allele would confer greater risk than A(2) allele, 2) protective effect of the O allele would be equivalent for O01 and O02 variants, 3) secretor phenotype would modify the association with risk...

..Heritable factors explain up to 60% of the variation in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in studies of adult twins...

..93 to 1.03. We did not find significant results for the SNPs in the other four genes. These data suggest the involvement of IL-6R in melanoma development. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings...

..5 × 10(-6)) and in primary melanoma (P = 4.6 × 10(-4)) compared with the normal skin...

..Genetic variation in two members of the Toll-like receptor family, TLR4 and the gene cluster TLR6-1-10, has been implicated in prostate cancer in several studies but the associated alleles have not been consistent across reports...

..In this study, we evaluated the discriminative and predictive ability for prostate cancer risk models incorporating 25 common prostate cancer genetic markers, family history of prostate cancer, and age...

..85. Common variation alone in DNA repair genes plays at most a small role in determining postmenopausal breast cancer risk among women of European ancestry...

..Additionally, the association of selenium with PCa mortality was modified by a variant, suggesting the possibility that some men with PCa may benefit more from selenium than others, depending on their genotype...

..42 (in or near the gene BRSK1), 5q35.2 (in or near genes UIMC1 and HK3) and 6p24.2 (in the gene SYCP2L). These newly identified loci might expand understanding of the biological pathways regulating these two traits...

..21 (1.02-1.44); P= 0.03], were associated with an increased risk of SCC. These two variants were not associated with melanoma risk. We conclude that 6p25 and 13q32 are novel loci conferring susceptibility to non-melanoma skin cancer...

..Our findings indicate that the genetic variants at ABO locus affect plasma sE-selectin levels and diabetes risk. The genetic associations with diabetes risk were independent of sE-selectin levels...

..The association of vitamin D status with prostate cancer is controversial; no association has been observed for overall incidence, but there is a potential link with lethal disease...

..Common genetic variants in the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is involved in inflammation and immune response pathways, may be important for prostate cancer...

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..590). Although the gene responsible has yet to be identified, the validation of this marker in this large sample of prostate cancer cases leaves little room for the possibility of a false-positive result...

..In this study, we attempt to replicate these five loci in a series of nested prostate cancer case-control studies of European ancestry...

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..To examine the longitudinal association of fat mass-and obesity-associated (FTO) variant with obesity, circulating adipokine levels, and FTO expression in various materials from human and mouse...

..These data provide novel evidence revealing the role of polymorphisms in LEPR in modulating plasma levels of sOB-R and may further our understanding of the complex relationships among leptin, leptin receptor and diabetes-related traits...

..47). Our results confirm a moderate sized association between a family history of pancreatic cancer and risk of pancreatic cancer and also provide evidence for an association with a family history of prostate cancer worth further study...

..10). Conclusions In this pooled analysis, low prediagnostic levels of circulating adiponectin were associated with an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer...

..Our results suggest that the small magnitude of difference in hormone levels associated with common genetic variants is likely insufficient to detectably contribute to breast cancer risk...

..We show that the inclusion of G-G and G-E interaction effects in risk-prediction models is unlikely to dramatically improve the discrimination ability of these models...

..68 (95% CI, 2.03-3.54) compared with nonsmokers of blood type O. We concluded that ABO genotypes were significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk...

..Every SNP found with genome-wide significance should be validated on another platform to verify that its significance is not an artifact of study design...

..While these SNPs represent new independent risk factors for prostate cancer, we saw little evidence for effect modification by other SNPs or by the environmental factors examined...

..08). Based on the evidence of biological functions of the JAK-STAT pathway on oncogenesis, it is plausible that this pathway is involved in BCC pathogenesis...

..We compare the results from the PBAT analysis to that of quantitative linkage analysis on chromosome 4 using the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data, as released through Genetic Analysis Workshop 14...

..We sought to identify the common genetic variants associated with IL-18 levels...

..32; 95% CI, 1.07-1.63). The OR increased to 1.45(1.18-1.78) for those with 2-4 NMSCs and 1.84(1.34-2.53) for those with at least five. The findings suggest that ASIP locus is associated with the number of NMSCs...

..53 for breast and 0.57 for prostate). We found no significant evidence that PRS using common variants improved risk prediction for BCa and PCa over replicated SNP scores...

..This allele is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the FUT2 nonsecretor variant encoding W143X, suggesting a plausible mechanism for altered B(12) absorption and plasma levels...

..40 x 10(-15)). Genome-wide significant loci were not identified for plasma folate. These data reveal new biological candidates and confirm prior candidate genes for plasma homocysteine, plasma vitamin B12 and plasma PLP...

..Dietary factors that increase the insulin demand might enhance the risk of T2D associated with TCF7L2 variants...

..The signals detected in a region around the MC1R gene were explained by MC1R red hair color alleles. Our results suggest that the IRF4 and SLC24A4 loci are associated with human hair color and skin pigmentation...

..ABO blood type is an inherited characteristic that in previous small studies has been associated with the risk of gastrointestinal malignancies...

..We assessed if genetic polymorphisms of this gene cluster were associated with the risk of prostate cancer in a U.S. population...

..Genome-wide association studies have identified novel type 2 diabetes loci, each of which has a modest impact on risk...

..It is possible that the CYP19A1 gene which alters sex hormones production may influence HGF levels. We examined the association between the CYP19A1 gene variants and plasma HGF concentrations...

..These data suggest a shared genetic component between T2D and PCa and add to the evidence for an interrelation between these diseases...

..Our findings indicate that ESR2 is not associated with risk of lung cancer in women...

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..Our summary results from the GWAS are available online in a form that should speed the identification of additional risk loci...

..Understanding the mechanism by which genetic variation in KLK3 affects prostate cancer risk has important implications for study of the biological role of PSA in prostate tumorigenesis...

..72 and P= 0.61, respectively). Further studies will be needed to assess whether these or other loci are differentially associated with PrCa subtypes...

..While these methods are fairly reliable, they are also costly and time consuming...

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..Here, we report on the results of a large and comprehensive study of the association between genetic variation in the AR gene and risk of breast cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3)...

..These results suggest that the germline variants in HSD17B1 characterized by these htSNPs do not substantially influence the risk of prostate cancer in U.S. and European whites...

..Inherited variation in the sex-hormone genes may be one mechanism by which sex hormones affect colorectal cancer, although data are limited...

..Truncation mutations in the BRCA1 gene cause a substantial increase in risk of breast cancer. However, these mutations are rare in the general population and account for little of the overall incidence of sporadic breast cancer...

..No significant associations were observed for common haplotypes and PCa mortality. This study highlights the importance of studies of PCa mortality because risk factors for incidence and mortality may differ...

..The Ala12 allele of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene (PPARG) decreases the lipolysis of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue, which results in the accumulation of fatty acids in adipocytes...

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..02). Adjusted hazard ratios were 1.73 (95% CI: 0.86, 3.51) comparing the highest to lowest IL-6 level. Our study suggests that IL-6 may potentially be involved in the development or progression of prostate cancer...

..43, snp3: OR = 0.69, hap1: OR = 1.47, hap2: OR = 0.72, hap4: OR = 1.51; global P-value for all common haplotypes = 0.11). Common SNPs and haplotypes of ELAC2 were associated with risk of aggressive prostate cancer...

..Here, we considered the impact of SNP allele misclassification on haplotype odds ratio estimates from case-control studies of unrelated individuals...

..Our data suggest that there is a high-frequency CYP19 haplotype related to higher estrogen to androgen ratios and increased risk of endometrial cancer and that this association may primarily pertain to postmenopausal women...

..In conclusion, a panel of markers including at least RUNX3, CACNA1G, IGF2, and MLH1 can serve as a sensitive and specific marker panel for CIMP-high...

..Furthermore, genes in other newly associated loci may provide new insights into human body weight regulation...

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..This suggests that if missingness patterns are correlated within families, then imputation methods that do not allow this correlation can yield biased results...

..Association studies assessing the relationship between sequence variants of MSR1 and prostate cancer are inconsistent. We hypothesized that sequence variants of MSR1 were associated with prostate cancer risk...

..Further investigation is required to validate the association of the polymorphisms in the one-carbon metabolic genes and risk of colorectal adenoma...

..07). Our results provide little support for an important role of telomere length, as measured in peripheral blood leukocytes, as a biomarker of breast cancer risk...

..02). Two common haplotypes were statistically significantly associated with altered risk of prostate cancer. Inherited polymorphisms of the innate immune gene TLR4 are associated with risk of prostate cancer...

..Our results corroborate previous findings for MTHFR Ala(222)Val and suggest that other genes involved in one-carbon metabolism, particularly those that affect DNA methylation, may be associated with colorectal cancer risk...

..The common G allele of the A23G polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of BCC and SCC and this polymorphism appeared to be the determining polymorphism in XPA that alters cancer susceptibility...

..Inhibitor kappaB-alpha (NFKBIA) inhibits NF-kappaB and controls its activities. The objective was to determine whether polymorphisms in NFKBIA gene would be associated with ARDS development...

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..Endometrial adenocarcinoma is linked to excessive exposure to estrogens. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes HSD17b2 and HSD17b4 may alter the enzyme activity, estradiol levels and risk of disease...

..PIK3CA mutation and subsequent activation of the AKT pathway play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, little is known about the prognostic role of PIK3CA mutation in colon cancer...

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..Five biallelic haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms are estimated to capture 99% of the haplotype diversity in Caucasian populations...

..0008, P-interaction-E+P = 0.02). The findings from this study underscore the importance of hormonal mechanisms in endometrial carcinogenesis...

..17). Age at first birth was not associated with risk. The authors observed a protective association between childbearing and lung cancer, adding to existing evidence that reproductive factors may moderate lung cancer risk in women...

..004 and 0.05, respectively). These findings indicated that the effects of the MC1R variants on skin cancer risk were independent from self-reported phenotypic pigmentation...

..Variants in the CD14 gene (CD14) are hypothesized to be associated with atopic disorders. However, most studies have only investigated one polymorphism in this gene...

..In addition, the SNP was related to greater long-term weight change and increased risk of diabetes in women...