I Kawachi

..To investigate whether workplace social capital buffers the association between job stress and smoking status...

..Inappropriate ER use makes it difficult to guarantee access for real emergency cases, decreases readiness for care, produces negative spillover effects on the quality of emergency services, and raises overall costs...

..We point to historical, political, and ideological obstacles that have hindered the analysis of race and class as codeterminants of disparities in health...

..Strengthening the social capital within communities may provide an important avenue for reducing socioeconomic disparities in health...

..Conversely, there is no biologically plausible reason to believe that the hazards of ETS exposure that have been demonstrated in the home should not also apply to the workplace...

..This article reports a contextual analysis of social capital and individual self-rated health, with adjustment for individual household income, health behaviors, and other covariates...

..reflect health inequalities between social groups or, more significantly, do they suggest a contextual effect of place?; (7) What is the contribution of the lifecourse to health inequalities?; (8) What kinds of inequality should we study?..

..Areas with high crime rates tend also to exhibit higher mortality rates from all causes, suggesting that crime and population health share the same social origins. Crime is thus a mirror of the quality of the social environment...

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..Gender inequality and truncated opportunities for women may be one of the pathways by which the maldistribution of income adversely affects the health of women...

..A student of social epidemiology will profit as much from close reading of these classics as from consulting textbooks on social stratification...

..To the best of our knowledge, this is the first test of this scale in the context of predicting CHD incidence...

..The present study examined the association of racial prejudice--measured at a collective level--to black and white mortality across the United States...

..Chronic worry has also been associated with decreased heart rate variability. We hypothesized that high levels of worry may increase CHD risk...

..Therefore, we assessed whether physical activity leads to fewer lower urinary tract symptoms in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study...

..Additionally, several studies have been unable to control for the full range of potential confounding factors. We examined prospectively the relationship of passive smoking with risk of CHD in a cohort of women...

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..To the best of our knowledge, no studies have looked at this association among women. Anxiety may influence CHD mortality by increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmia and SCD...

..In addition, such studies rarely specify the source of support and how support from family versus friends may differentially impact mental health...

..This study tested the hypothesis that disparities in political participation across socioeconomic status affect health. Specifically, the association of voting inequality at the state level with individual self-rated health was examined...

..In fact, these women actually fare better on measures of psychologic function than do women living with a spouse...

..To explore the relationship between depressive symptoms and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women...

..To examine the effect of change in marital status on health behaviours among men...

..60, 2.82) times that of men matched on overall depressive symptoms. Our data indicate the CES-D would have greater validity among this diverse group of older men and women after removal of the crying item and two interpersonal items...

..To determine the effect of inequalities in income within a state on self rated health status while controlling for individual characteristics such as socioeconomic status...

..Japan experienced more than 10 years of economic recession beginning in the 1990s. The question of whether socioeconomic-based inequality in self-rated health widened after the economic crisis was examined...

..Relative deprivation may partly explain the association between income inequality and worse population health status...

..This pattern of depressive symptoms by gender and life stage may reflect the distinctive influence of the Asian context on relations between men and women, such as traditional gender roles and patriarchal norms for older generation...

..Animal experiments and epidemiological studies have suggested that high potassium intake may reduce the risk of stroke, but the evidence is inconclusive, and the role of other nutrients in potassium-rich foods remains unknown...

..Antioxidants increase the resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation and may thereby reduce risk for atherosclerosis...

..Community violence interventions must incorporate efforts to protect the mental health of adult women who witness events in their neighborhoods...

..28, 95% CI, 0.82-2.00), nor fatal CHD in the short term (RR=0.49, 95% CI, 0.22-2.08). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that job insecurity may increase the short-term risk of non-fatal MI in women...

..Social networks are positively associated with mental functioning in women. This association is strongest for women reporting high levels of home and work stressors...

..We tested whether higher levels of social capital on college campuses protected against individual risks of binge drinking...

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..We explored and mapped the variation in smoking prevalence for racial/ethnic groups by gender and state after adjusting for demographic factors...

..Increase in religious service attendance over time was also significantly predictive of decreased mortality...

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..08, 95% CI: 0.69-1.68) nor those in active jobs (RR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.54-1.53) had an increased risk of CHD. CONCLUSIONS: Job strain was not related to an increase in the incidence of CHD in the present cohort of nurses...

..Evidence on the associations between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and incident colon and rectal cancer is limited...

..0; 95% CI = 0.9, 4.3). CONCLUSIONS: In this population, caregiving was associated with increased risk of depressive or anxious symptoms...

..This finding suggests a contextual effect of women's societal status on health status...

..Regarding the association of state-level income inequality with fair/poor health, we found the association to be considerably stronger among non-metropolitan (i.e. rural) compared to metropolitan residents...

..59 and 1.55, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: High levels of care provision to grandchildren (and possibly children) may increase the risk of CHD among women...

..There is little information, however, about the direct effect of night work on the risk of cancer. We investigated the effect of night work in breast cancer...

..This study examines the cross sectional multilevel associations between income inequality and self rated poor health in Chile; a society more unequal than the US...

..In a prospective observational study, frequent sense of exhaustion appeared to be independently associated with increased risk of CHD mortality in men...

..This study distinguished between the health effects of summary measures tapping into the constructs of community bonding and community bridging social capital...

..We examined prospectively the relationship of an optimistic or pessimistic explanatory style with coronary heart disease incidence in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study, an ongoing cohort of older men...

..However, after controlling for relevant covariates, economic inequality at the provincial scale had a statistically significant deleterious effect on stunting. At municipal or local levels, inequality was not associated with stunting...

..31, 95% CI 1.10, 1.56). We found a moderately increased risk of poor performance on several cognitive tests among women who provided care to their disabled or ill husbands...

..We use the example of the concept of social capital to illustrate the relevance of the contextual approach for trauma research and outline a multilevel modeling approach to examining contextual influences on trauma outcomes...

..These findings suggest gender-specific patterns of worries and health behaviors that reflect both the health-protecting and health-damaging effects of living in multigenerational households...

..We hypothesized that low-income elders and elders at retirement age (65 - 74) would be at greatest risk of mobility disability onset in the face of perceived or measured crime-related safety hazards...

..CONCLUSION: These data indicate that high levels of caregiving burden for ill spouses may increase the risk of CHD among women...

..Changes in CSL predict changes in average years of schooling completed by children who are affected by the new laws. These educational differences are presumably independent of innate individual characteristics such as IQ...

..These results support a possible protective effect of moderate doses of caffeine on risk of Parkinson's disease...

..CONCLUSION: While the analysis cannot show causation, states with heavily armed civilians are also states with low levels of social capital...

..Importantly, it is argued that without adopting an explicitly multilevel approach, the debate on linkages between individual health and income-inequality/social capital cannot be adequately addressed...

..03). This study provides evidence on associations of neighborhood deprivation and cohesion with CAC in younger, asymptomatic adults. Neighborhood attributes may contribute to subclinical atherosclerosis...

..Overall, our results suggest primarily beneficial yet modest health effects of key summary forms of community social capital, and heterogeneity in some of these effects by urban context and population subgroup...

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..Human rights violations related to political violence and gender based discrimination may explain adverse associations with health...

..At the same time, the contemporaneous main effect of state income inequality remained statistically significant even when conditioned for past levels of income inequality and median income of states...

..To investigate individual level determinants of self rated health and happiness, as well as the extent of community level covariation in health and happiness...

..Overall, this study provides some evidence for the promotion of social capital as a potential strategy for addressing the burgeoning obesity epidemic...

..Body mass index (BMI) has been linked with both increased and decreased risk of suicide attempts and deaths...

..We examined the role of women's education and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence (IPV)...

..Much remains unknown beyond these crude findings, however; for example, what type of education matters for health, or whether there is a difference between the health impacts of temporary income shocks versus changes in long-term income...

..A less dismissive and pessimistic view of health data obtained through self-reports seems warranted...

..Despite abundant evidence that lower education is associated with a higher risk of smoking, whether the association is causal has not been convincingly established...

..We assessed the relative contribution of Hispanic ethnicity, country of origin, and nativity to lifetime prevalence of asthma among mothers and children enrolled in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods...

..Effect modification by SES suggests that Latinos of lower and higher SES may differ with regard to the traditionally-held value of familism...

..This study examined the association between contextual income inequality and the double burden of under- and overnutrition in India...

..The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between state-level social capital and adult health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in the United States...

..Individuals who die from suicide commonly have consumed alcohol immediately beforehand, often in large quantities. However, prospective cohort data on regular alcohol use as a risk factor for suicide are lacking...

..Contrary to the assumption that Mexican immigrant enclaves beget social cohesion, we did not find this to be true in Chicago neighborhoods...

..e., mediated) neighborhood variations in depressive symptoms...

..In some cases, change-score analyses without baseline adjustment provide unbiased causal effect estimates when baseline-adjusted estimates are biased...

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..84 to 1.19) and 1.35 (95% CI = 1.03 to 1.77), respectively (P(trend) =.04). These data suggest that working a rotating night shift at least three nights per month for 15 or more years may increase the risk of colorectal cancer in women...

..The authors examined the risk that family disruption and low socioeconomic status in early childhood confer on the onset of major depression in adulthood...

..We compare our empirical evidence for each of the effects with existing sociological and historical scholarship on Las Vegas...

..87 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.04) for women in high-strain jobs, and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.06) for women in passive jobs. Findings from this study indicate that job stress is not related to any increase in breast cancer risk...

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..Although the association between smoking and increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is well established in the general population, this relationship is less well-defined among individuals with diabetes...

..We also discuss emerging evidence of racial and/or ethnic disparities in prostate cancer-related quality of life, the role of social networks and support in recovery and adjustment, as well as the impact of cancer recurrence...

..Stress is associated with poor oral hygiene, increased glucocorticoid secretion that can depress immune function, increased insulin resistance and potentially increased risk of periodontitis...

..We carried out analyses of smoking in relation to poverty and child care responsibility among women aged 18-54 years residing in the United States...

..To examine sociological explanations for the higher level of insomnia in women, including social roles and socioeconomic status (SES)...

..12) in age-adjusted models. Low education was associated with greater social and psychological risks for women than men; however, metabolic risks largely explained gender differences in the educational gradient in coronary heart disease...

..However, very few studies have directly examined and compared the impact of these symptoms on overall and cancer specific quality of life...

..Marital status has been implicated as a prognostic factor in bladder cancer survival. However, few studies have explored potential mechanisms through which this might occur...

..To examine the frequency of tobacco advertisements on taxicabs within Boston, Massachusetts (USA)...

..Given the rising global prevalence of overweight associated with the nutrition transition, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether maternal depressive symptoms are related to overweight in infants aged 6-24 months...

..CONCLUSIONS: State-level income inequality appears to exert a contextual effect on mortality risk, after income is adjusted for, providing further evidence that the distribution of income is important for health...

..We aimed to determine whether associations of phobic anxiety with several known markers of CVD might be contributors...