I Kawachi

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..The evidence remains limited to western societies. The aim of this paper is to examine the association of local food environment to body mass index (BMI) in a study of older Japanese individuals...

..The aim of this study was to examine the association between social capital and self-rated health among youth, and distinguish between the different forms of social capital - cognitive versus behavioral, and bonding versus bridging...

..The aim of this paper is to examine the associations for older adult populations in Japan...

..We hypothesized that low-income elders and elders at retirement age (65 - 74) would be at greatest risk of mobility disability onset in the face of perceived or measured crime-related safety hazards...

..In 2007, medical school entrants equaled just 92% of their 1982 peers. The urban annual population growth rate is positive and the rural is negative, a trend that may affect denominator populations and physician distribution...

..We prospectively examined the associations between different types of kinship relationship between the main family caregiver and the care recipient in relation to survival among care recipients...

..Much remains unknown beyond these crude findings, however; for example, what type of education matters for health, or whether there is a difference between the health impacts of temporary income shocks versus changes in long-term income...

..The present study examined the association of racial prejudice--measured at a collective level--to black and white mortality across the United States...

..Chronic worry has also been associated with decreased heart rate variability. We hypothesized that high levels of worry may increase CHD risk...

..Additionally, several studies have been unable to control for the full range of potential confounding factors. We examined prospectively the relationship of passive smoking with risk of CHD in a cohort of women...

..Therefore, we assessed whether physical activity leads to fewer lower urinary tract symptoms in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study...

..Strengthening the social capital within communities may provide an important avenue for reducing socioeconomic disparities in health...

..Gender inequality and truncated opportunities for women may be one of the pathways by which the maldistribution of income adversely affects the health of women...

..In addition, such studies rarely specify the source of support and how support from family versus friends may differentially impact mental health...

..To the best of our knowledge, this is the first test of this scale in the context of predicting CHD incidence...

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..To determine the effect of inequalities in income within a state on self rated health status while controlling for individual characteristics such as socioeconomic status...

..Animal experiments and epidemiological studies have suggested that high potassium intake may reduce the risk of stroke, but the evidence is inconclusive, and the role of other nutrients in potassium-rich foods remains unknown...

..60, 2.82) times that of men matched on overall depressive symptoms. Our data indicate the CES-D would have greater validity among this diverse group of older men and women after removal of the crying item and two interpersonal items...

..This study tested the hypothesis that disparities in political participation across socioeconomic status affect health. Specifically, the association of voting inequality at the state level with individual self-rated health was examined...

..We tested whether higher levels of social capital on college campuses protected against individual risks of binge drinking...

..Social networks are positively associated with mental functioning in women. This association is strongest for women reporting high levels of home and work stressors...

..Areas with high crime rates tend also to exhibit higher mortality rates from all causes, suggesting that crime and population health share the same social origins. Crime is thus a mirror of the quality of the social environment...

..This article reports a contextual analysis of social capital and individual self-rated health, with adjustment for individual household income, health behaviors, and other covariates...

..Japan experienced more than 10 years of economic recession beginning in the 1990s. The question of whether socioeconomic-based inequality in self-rated health widened after the economic crisis was examined...

..Antioxidants increase the resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation and may thereby reduce risk for atherosclerosis...

..In a prospective observational study, frequent sense of exhaustion appeared to be independently associated with increased risk of CHD mortality in men...

..This study examines the cross sectional multilevel associations between income inequality and self rated poor health in Chile; a society more unequal than the US...

..These results support a possible protective effect of moderate doses of caffeine on risk of Parkinson's disease...

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..This study examined prospectively the associations between self perceived stress, diazepam use, and death from suicide among adult women...

..Marital status has been implicated as a prognostic factor in bladder cancer survival. However, few studies have explored potential mechanisms through which this might occur...

..1 mg of nicotine by Federal Trade Commission (FTC) methods) in relation to nicotine intake (urinary nicotine, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) among 246 Japanese male smokers...

..Importantly, it is argued that without adopting an explicitly multilevel approach, the debate on linkages between individual health and income-inequality/social capital cannot be adequately addressed...

..Changes in CSL predict changes in average years of schooling completed by children who are affected by the new laws. These educational differences are presumably independent of innate individual characteristics such as IQ...

..This study distinguished between the health effects of summary measures tapping into the constructs of community bonding and community bridging social capital...

..Conversely, there is no biologically plausible reason to believe that the hazards of ETS exposure that have been demonstrated in the home should not also apply to the workplace...

..There is little information, however, about the direct effect of night work on the risk of cancer. We investigated the effect of night work in breast cancer...

..In fact, these women actually fare better on measures of psychologic function than do women living with a spouse...

..To examine the frequency of tobacco advertisements on taxicabs within Boston, Massachusetts (USA)...

..reflect health inequalities between social groups or, more significantly, do they suggest a contextual effect of place?; (7) What is the contribution of the lifecourse to health inequalities?; (8) What kinds of inequality should we study?..

..It is important for patients with prostate cancer and health care providers to consider these differences while making treatment decisions...

..CONCLUSIONS: State-level income inequality appears to exert a contextual effect on mortality risk, after income is adjusted for, providing further evidence that the distribution of income is important for health...

..We aimed to determine whether associations of phobic anxiety with several known markers of CVD might be contributors...

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..A comparison to successful campaigns in Canada and New Zealand provides insight regarding factors missing in the Swiss campaign which might have been useful in obtaining support from Swiss citizens...

..We examined prospectively the relationship of an optimistic or pessimistic explanatory style with coronary heart disease incidence in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study, an ongoing cohort of older men...

..Given the rising global prevalence of overweight associated with the nutrition transition, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether maternal depressive symptoms are related to overweight in infants aged 6-24 months...

..CONCLUSIONS: Childhood social disadvantage significantly influences risk of depression onset both in childhood and in adulthood. Early childhood adversity is also related to poor prognosis...

..CONCLUSION: While the analysis cannot show causation, states with heavily armed civilians are also states with low levels of social capital...

..Determining how these changes in SSS relate to health and how SSS functions prospectively with regard to health outcomes requires additional research...

..We analyse whether this reflects a compositional effect (selection of patients) or a contextual effect...

..Future studies will examine the association between this index and measures of individual mental and physical health...

..Gender differences in the relative importance of social factors may help to explain the differential impact of economic transformation on mortality rates for men and women in Central-Eastern European countries...

..CONCLUSION: There are gender differences in the relations of specific social capital indicators to mortality rates. At the same time, perceptions of social capital within each sex were associated with mortality rates in the opposite sex...

..We examined gender and age differences in the impact of multiple role occupancy on health-related behaviours and health status among working age Japanese adults...