W Fawzi

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..abstract:..

..Multivitamin supplementation has been proposed as a means to enhance the health of these children; however, the efficacy of such an intervention has not been examined adequately...

..tuberculosis including MDR vary greatly. The varied drug-resistance patterns make continuous surveillance of drug resistance an essential component of tuberculosis control program...

..This study investigates factors associated with mortality including patients' HIV sero-status, CD4 cell count, laboratory, nutritional and demographic characteristics in AFB smear positive pulmonary TB patients...

..Anemia and poor nutrition have been previously described as independent risk factors for death among HIV-infected children. We sought to describe nutritional status, anemia burden and HIV disease correlates among infected children in India...

..Results of this study will help inform future research and potential preventive and therapeutic interventions against such chronic diseases...

..To examine whether maternal HIV disease stage during pregnancy and child malnutrition are associated with child mortality...

..Provision of multivitamin supplements (including those with vitamins B, C, and E) to HIV-infected, lactating women may be a low-cost intervention to improve their children's health...

..Breast-feeding and reduction of morbidity should be advocated in programs designed to reduce malnutrition and mortality among children...

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..For adults and children, more research is warranted on the role of selenium, zinc, and other trace elements on various measures of health among HIV-infected individuals...

..Prematurity and low birth weight are associated with high perinatal and infant mortality, especially in developing countries. Maternal micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to these adverse outcomes...

..In observational studies, the zinc status of HIV-infected persons has been associated with both positive and adverse clinical outcomes. Such endpoints may affect the risk of adverse birth outcomes among HIV-infected women...

..Anemia is a frequent complication among HIV-infected persons and is associated with faster disease progression and mortality...

..Results from observational studies suggest that micronutrient status is a determinant of the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease...

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..Transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding is a major problem, although its timing is not well characterized...

..Large doses of vitamin A had no protective effect on the course of pneumonia in hospitalized Tanzanian children...

..To determine whether vitamin A supplements result in reduced mortality among HIV-infected and uninfected children...

..We examined the associations of age, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), weight change during adulthood, physical activity, and alcohol intake with risk of CAP among men and women...

..The potential benefits of direct supplementation of children born to HIV-infected women on transmission of HIV, as well as on the risk and severity of childhood infections and mortality, are also important to examine...

..To determine the association between the timing of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and neurodevelopment among children born to HIV-1 infected mothers in Tanzania...

..HIV-1 transmission through breastfeeding is a global problem and has been associated with poor maternal micronutrient status...

..Even in populations with no access to antiretroviral treatments, interventions to reduce the incidence of low birth weight would result in a significant reduction in infant mortality...

..Whether sustained clearance of lower genital tract infections result in reduced transmission remains to be determined...

..To determine whether genotypes from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes A, C, or D or intersubtype recombinants have the same probability of being transmitted from mother to child...

..Future surveys will be needed to determine the potential of this CRF for epidemic spread...

..CONCLUSION: There is insufficient evidence to support the hypothesis that breastfeeding is detrimental to the health of HIV-infected women...

..Vitamin A therapy has not been associated with improved growth, whereas some trials have shown that zinc supplementation is associated with greater increments in height. Further trials of micronutrient supplementation are warranted...

..10). Supplementation of HIV-infected women with vitamins increased the risk of subclinical mastitis...

..These differences in transmission were independent of maternal CD4 at enrollment. Thus, it appears that HIV-1 subtype may be associated with differing rates of perinatal transmission in Tanzania...

..There is need to increase facilities for counselling and testing using an opt-out approach for testing in all antenatal clinics in the city...

..However, the ability of prenatal and postpartum micronutrient supplements to reduce transmission during the breast-feeding period is still unknown...

..It is unclear whether this association is mediated by increased cell-free virus (CFV) versus cell-associated virus (CAV) HIV shedding in breast milk...

..We assessed the effect of prenatal and peripartum antibiotics on maternal morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected and uninfected women...

..08). In conclusion, PM was not associated with infant HIV-1 infection status at birth. The interaction of maternal plasma viral load, PM, and MTCT of HIV-1 warrants further studies...

..89 to 3.71]). Depression is common among HIV-infected Tanzanian women and increases the risk of disease progression. Screening for depression and providing psychosocial interventions should be considered part of comprehensive HIV care...

..Elevations in ALT are predictive of increased mortality from liver disease and may influence the choice of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART)...

..16; 95% CI = 0.98-1.36) and a lower hemoglobin concentration (adjusted-mean difference -3.8 g/L; 95% CI [-7.3, -0.4]). Pregnant women should be informed about the potential risks associated with soil consumption...

..Timely growth monitoring may be used to improve the clinical course and quality of life of these children...

..Higher vitamin A concentrations in plasma are protective against mortality in children born to HIV-infected women...

..05 g/dL; 95% confidence interval, -0.07 to 0.16 g/dL) but reduced diarrheal morbidity risk by 40% (relative risk, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.84). There was no effect on the other morbidity end points...

..To ascertain whether malaria parasitaemia in children is associated with HIV status. To examine the effect of vitamin A supplementation on malaria parasitaemia in children...

..To determine maternal risk factors for stillbirth among pregnant HIV-infected women in sub-Saharan Africa...

..5 g/dl among HIV-uninfected children. The maternal and child predictors described may serve as intervention targets among HIV-exposed children...

..58, 95% CI, 0.39-0.86, P-value test for trend = 0.01). Vitamin supplements are unlikely to reduce pneumonia risk in well-nourished, middle-aged and older men...

..Our study examines parents' and teachers' communication about sexual matters in relation to the timing of sexual initiation among students aged 12-14 years old in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania...

..We conclude that poor anthropometric status at the first prenatal visit and weight loss during pregnancy among HIV-1 infected women are strong risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes...

..Future studies are needed that are large enough to be sufficiently powered to accommodate larger treatment failure rates, an issue that ongoing trials will hopefully address...

..Prevention and treatment of parasitic infections and improvement of nutritional status are likely to enhance the pattern of gestational weight gain among HIV-infected women...

..The aims of the present study were to identify maternal and child predictors of anaemia among children born to HIV-infected women and to study the association between childhood anaemia and mortality...

..Vitamin D is a strong immunomodulator and may protect against adverse pregnancy outcomes, mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and child mortality...

..We hypothesize that vitamin A supplementation could ameliorate the adverse effect of these infections on child growth...

..007). Although the long-term effects of malaria on viral load are unknown, prevention of malaria among people living with HIV-1 should be given the highest priority...

..Multivitamin supplementation was shown to be effective in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes among HIV-positive women. These protective effects could be mediated in part by an improvement in the pattern of gestational weight gain...

..1-6.0; P test for heterogeneity = 0.05). Further study is warranted to determine whether or not parasitemia is especially detrimental to individuals with lower levels of immunosuppression or chronic low parasitemia...

..More research is warranted to examine the effect of vitamins by sex and better understand biological mechanisms mediating such effects...

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..HIV treatment programs may struggle to meet the needs of patients with potential increased rates of malnutrition and food insecurity in the setting of high food prices...

..The minimum dosage of multivitamins necessary for optimal benefits is unknown...

..Type-specific serological tests have allowed for a better understanding of the epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in Africa...

..In children whose age, diet, and/or nutritional status place them at risk of zinc deficiency, those with low plasma zinc levels should be supplemented with oral zinc and followed for clinical and/or biochemical response...

..In observational studies, adequate selenium status has been associated with better pregnancy outcomes and slowed HIV disease progression...

..Poor nutrition may be associated with mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and other adverse pregnancy outcomes...

..Additional studies with these age groups are needed...

..To examine whether wasting during pregnancy, as measured by weight loss and low weight gain, is associated with increased mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1...

..Linear growth retardation and wasting are common in children born to HIV-infected women. Inexpensive interventions that could improve the postnatal growth pattern of such children are needed...

..14, 95% C I = 0.54, 8.45). In light of these and previous results, we conclude that there is not enough evidence yet to suggest a causal association between vitamin A and heterosexual transmission...

..Scarce data are available from population studies on the recent trends and current epidemiology of obesity in African settings...

..12, 95% CI 1.04-1.19, P = 0.002). Taking multivitamins containing vitamins B, C, and E during pregnancy may be an inexpensive and effective strategy to improve the health of the mother and baby...

..Cord blood parasitemia is a strong predictor of neonatal death. The potential effect of zinc supplementation on clinical malaria outcomes deserves future investigation...

..Vitamin supplements delay the disease progression, but their effect on wasting is not known. Data are lacking on the risk factors for wasting in African HIV-infected persons...

..To examine the association of anemia with mortality and disease progression among a cohort of women with HIV in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania...

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..Selenium status may be important for clinical outcomes related to HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa...

..Important biological mechanisms related to the key membrane receptor megalin and estrogen-dependent protein calbindin are discussed...

..Tuberculosis (TB) often coincides with nutritional deficiencies. The effects of micronutrient supplementation on TB treatment outcomes, clinical complications, and mortality are uncertain...

..High storage iron does not appear to be related to HIV disease progression in this population, but more research on the role of iron during HIV disease is needed...

..Breastfeeding accounts for a sizable proportion of infant HIV infections. Some fatty acids (FAs) are potent immunomodulators with virucidal activity, and their primary source in breastfed children is breast milk...

..Supplementation of pregnant and lactating HIV-infected women with vitamins B, C, and E might be a useful, inexpensive intervention to decrease the burden of malaria in children born to HIV-infected women in sub-Saharan Africa...

..We conclude that HIV-1 infected women had higher pregnancy rates than uninfected women. This association disappeared when analyses were limited to women with advanced disease. Abstract word count: 150...

..This study assesses correlates of acceptance of testing for HIV infection in the antenatal setting in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania...

..To validate the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) for use as a depression screen amongst human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) positive pregnant women...

..Essential fatty acids modulate inflammation and glucose metabolism and may alter infection risk...

..CONCLUSION: Pregnancy and live birth rates decline dramatically with progression of HIV-1 disease. This decline is not explained by observed social, behavioral, or biologic factors...

..Further investigation is needed to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of nutritional interventions for co-infection with HIV and tuberculosis...

..To evaluate C-reactive protein (CRP) as a predictor of HIV-related outcomes among women and children in a resource-poor setting...

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..We assessed the validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among pregnant women...

..The program will be carried out as a collaborative effort between Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. ..

..The study will be carried out as a collaborative effort between the Harvard School of Public Health and Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. ..

..The study is a collaborative effort between Harvard School of Public Health and Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. ..

..In particular, multivitamins might confer important clinical benefits that would help preserve limited drug regimens in developing countries amidst increasing viral resistant HIV strains. ..

..administrative component ..

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..To examine potential mechanisms of action of the supplements or dietary patterns and intake of individual nutrients, they will assess the following secondary outcomes among women: hemoglobin levels, T cell counts, and placental weight. ..

..S., the commitment of the authorities in Tanzania to HIV research, and the political stability in Tanzania, would make this collaboration a valuable addition to the HPTN. ..

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