G C Curhan

..However, little prospective information is available on the association between analgesic use and the risk of hypertension...

..To determine the frequency of use of the three main classes of over-the-counter analgesics: acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and aspirin in two large US female cohorts...

..Unfortunately, the majority of previous studies of 24-hour urine chemistries were limited by the inclusion of recurrent stone formers and poorly defined controls...

..More valid and comprehensive information on the oxalate content of food are desperately needed. Because the data on dietary oxalate are inconclusive, the routine restriction of dietary oxalate needs to be reexamined...

..Because nephrolithiasis is a complex disease, an understanding of the epidemiology, particularly the interactions among different factors, may help lead to approaches that reduce the risk of stone formation...

..However, limited prospective information is available on the long-term effects of aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and acetaminophen on renal function...

..06 (95% confidence interval, 0.69 to 1.64). Large doses of vitamin B6 may reduce the risk of kidney stone formation in women. Routine restriction of vitamin C to prevent stone formation appears unwarranted...

..Recently, phytate has been suggested to play a role in stone formation. To our knowledge, no prospective information on the role of dietary factors and risk of kidney stone formation is available in younger women...

..Further study of these diseases in a large cohort with information on a wide variety of risk factors is essential to determine more precisely the risks associated with birth weight...

..Low birth weight has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and high birth weight has been associated with increased adult body mass index. Published studies on adults have included only a small number of women...

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..Sparse longitudinal data exist on how diet influences microalbuminuria and estimated GFR (eGFR) decline in people with well-preserved kidney function...

..Potentially modifiable biomarkers may influence the decline in estimated GFR (eGFR), but few data are currently available in type 2 diabetic adults...

..Folate has important beneficial effects on endothelial function, but there is limited information about folate intake and risk of incident hypertension...

..The data on fluid intake in relation to the risk of bladder cancer are inconclusive...

..In addition, the current definitions of normal levels for urinary factors need to be re-evaluated...

..However, the determinants of urinary oxalate excretion are unclear. The objective was to examine the impact of dietary factors, age, body size, diabetes, and urinary factors on 24-h urinary oxalate...

..Although plasma lipid levels were more strongly associated with an increased risk than were inflammatory markers, the level of C-reactive protein remained a significant contributor to the prediction of coronary heart disease...

..02 (0.91 to 1.14) in Nurses' Health Study 2, and 1.06 (0.97 to 1.15) in Health Professionals Follow-up Study. In conclusion, fructose and vitamin C intake do not substantially influence the risk for developing hypertension...

..99, 95% CI: 0.82 to 1.21). These data support the hypothesis that prior occurrence of nephrolithiasis increases the risk of subsequent hypertension...

..Existing cross-sectional data on the association between DM and nephrolithiasis are limited, and no prospective study to date has evaluated the relation between DM and the risk of kidney stones...

..No data are currently available, however, on how kidney function decline may be associated with physical function...

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..It is unclear if obesity increases the risk of stone formation, and it is not known if weight gain influences risk...

..CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of hypertension, higher BMI, and increasing pack-years of smoking appear to independently increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma...

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..5 mg/dl...

..7% of the study population) had a multivariable odds ratio of 1.47 (95% CI: 1.10 to 1.97). Plasma 25(OH)D levels are inversely and independently associated with the risk of developing hypertension...

..Because acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used, they may contribute to the high prevalence of hypertension in the United States...

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..However, data on long-term risk of colorectal cancer according to dose, timing, or duration of therapy with aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain limited...

..We conclude that higher intake of vitamin D is not associated with a lower risk of incident hypertension...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the use of different classes of antihypertensive medications and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes...

..The definition of normal albumin excretion should be reevaluated...

..Greater body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for kidney stones. However, the relation between BMI and the urinary excretion of many lithogenic factors remains unclear...

..Because age and body size affect the relation between diet and kidney stones, dietary recommendations for stone prevention should be tailored to the individual patient...

..The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of known CVD risk factors and biomarkers of CVD in women with and without RA...

..These findings warrant further investigation in other populations...

..Psoriasis has been linked to cardiovascular comorbidities in cross-sectional studies, but evidence regarding the association between psoriasis and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) is limited...

..To examine the relationship between pregravid body mass index (BMI), elevated cholesterol level, and the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy...

..Non-fructose carbohydrates were not associated with increased risk in any cohort. Our study suggests that fructose intake is independently associated with an increased risk of incident kidney stones...

..Hearing loss is common and, in young persons, can compromise social development, communication skills, and educational achievement...

..Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the podocin gene NPHS2 are found in 10-30% of pediatric cases of steroid resistant nephrosis and/or FSGS...

..Laboratory and cross-sectional human studies suggest a potential role for prolactin in the pathogenesis of hypertension; however, the prospective association between prolactin and hypertension has not been previously reported...

..Evidence suggests that race affects the prevalence and incidence of urinary incontinence (UI) in women. But little is known about racial differences in the rates of remission, improvement, and progression of UI in women...

..While strenuous, high impact activity may provoke urinary incontinence, little is known about relations with moderate physical activity. We examined recreational activity and incident urinary incontinence in middle-aged women...

..77). Waist circumference was associated only with stress UI (P for trend <0.001). These results suggest that women who avoid high BMI and waist circumference may have a lower risk of UI development...

..These data suggest that demographic and dietary factors may influence the associations between RAS polymorphisms and hypertension and could explain heterogeneity in prior studies...

..To examine the epidemiology of urinary incontinence (UI) in older women...

..The objective of the study was to examine the association of hormone therapy with incident urinary incontinence (UI) in postmenopausal women aged 37-54 years in the Nurses' Health Study II...

..Exclusion of participants with hypertension did not change the results. In conclusion, consumption of a DASH-style diet is associated with a marked decrease in kidney stone risk...

..To prospectively study the relation between menopause, postmenopausal hormone use and risk of gout, since female sex hormones have been postulated to decrease gout risk among women...

..Whether this variation influences risk of infection, and hence whether CRP has anti-infective activity in humans, is uncertain...

..We calculated incidence rates of urinary incontinence by incontinence frequency and type over 4 years in Asian, black, and white women in the United States...

..Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder in the United States, afflicting more than 36 million people. Higher intakes of vitamins C, E, beta carotene, B12, and folate have been proposed to reduce the risk of hearing loss...

..We investigated the association between oral contraceptive pills and incident urinary incontinence in premenopausal women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study II...

..61 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.99), and for those in the highest quintile of walking compared with the lowest quintile, it was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.47, 1.02). Greater physical activity is associated with a lower ACR in nondiabetic women...

..Exercise bolsters the immune system and can prevent various infections in certain populations. However, limited data exist regarding the role of physical activity and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia...

..To evaluate the independent association between psoriasis and risk of diabetes and hypertension...

..Reduced glomerular filtration rate is an important predictor of cardiovascular disease and death. Genetic polymorphisms, particularly in genes involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), may influence the rate of renal function decline...

..In conclusion, a high diet-dependent net acid load is independently associated with a higher risk of incident hypertension...

..Corresponding circulating biomarkers are associated with risk of hypertension, but because these factors may be interrelated, whether they independently affect risk is unknown...

..To describe the relations between body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)), weight gain, and incident urinary incontinence in middle-aged women...

..There are limited data regarding the role of dietary and supplemental vitamin intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia...

..Although randomized trials of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors have shown increased cardiovascular risk, studies of nonselective, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetaminophen have been inconsistent...

..Our data suggest an inverse association between alcohol intake and risk of renal cell cancer, but do not support the hypothesis that greater total fluid intake reduces the risk of renal cell cancer...

..However, few prospective studies have examined the intakes of fruits, vegetables, and antioxidant vitamins in relation to the risk of renal cell cancer...

..One such approach is to stratify individuals by self-reported mental health and physical function. Examining these parameters at baseline, and over time, may help identify individuals at greater risk for mortality...

..These differences are not explained by differences in age, body mass index, or diet and may account for the lower incidence of both nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis in black women...

..The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for urinary incontinence in middle-aged women...

..To evaluate the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and development of urinary incontinence in women...

..The clinical utility of homocysteine-lowering therapy, such as multivitamin therapy, to reduce the rates of these end points needs to be studied...

..To better understand associations between post-menopausal hormone therapy and the development of urinary incontinence...

..To examine the association between physical activity and risk of developing urinary incontinence (UI)...

..We examined the associations of age, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), weight change during adulthood, physical activity, and alcohol intake with risk of CAP among men and women...

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..Adequate fluid intake and appropriate dietary modifications may substantially reduce the morbidity and costs associated with recurrent nephrolithiasis...

..The public health burden of anemia associated with CRI may be substantial, given the large number of people with CRI; and that even a modest reduction in renal function is associated with decreased hemoglobin level...

..43, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.74). Thus, mild renal insufficiency was a strong independent predictor of CHF in this cohort, suggesting that serum creatinine may offer a readily accessible tool to identify elderly patients at risk for CHF...

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..However, the effect of moderate alcohol consumption; the specific effects of wine, beer, and liquor; and the pattern of drinking in relation to risk of hypertension among young women are unclear...

..9 g/day, 0.62 (95% CI: 0.34-1.12) for 5-14.9 g/day and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.25-1.12) for 15-59.9 g/day. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate alcohol consumption had no substantial adverse effect on renal function in women over an 11 year follow-up period...

..S. men. Older black men were not more likely to have LUTS than were older white men. The apparent modestly higher prevalence of LUTS in older Mexican-American men requires additional study...

..These findings require confirmation by a large randomized trial conducted specifically in people with chronic renal insufficiency...

..Thus, risks associated with PMH use may outweigh the benefits in a population with a very high rate of cardiovascular disease, such as postmenopausal hemodialysis-dependent women...

..In conclusion, no association was found between menopause and PMH use and incident kidney stones. Surgical menopause, however, may be associated with an increased risk...

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..More frequent use of these medications may reduce the high incidence of death and renal allograft failure in these patients...

..The objective of the study was to describe changes in urinary incontinence in middle-aged women...

..To our knowledge, the association between the use of these analgesics, particularly acetaminophen, and the risk of hypertension among men has not been extensively studied...

..Fatty acid intake may influence community-acquired pneumonia risk by modulating the immune system. Our study prospectively examined the association between fatty acid intake and community-acquired pneumonia risk...

..24; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.66). In conclusion, no independent association between UA level and risk for incident hypertension was found among older men...

..It has been proposed that increased urinary calcium excretion is a central feature of essential hypertension. Metabolic acidosis also may be associated with hypertension and decreases urinary citrate levels...

..Caffeine acutely increases blood pressure, but the association between habitual consumption of caffeinated beverages and incident hypertension is uncertain...

..Essential fatty acids modulate inflammation and glucose metabolism and may alter infection risk...

..The objective of this analysis was to determine whether pravastatin reduced the incidence of cardiovascular events in people with or at high risk for coronary disease and with concomitant moderate CKD...

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..31 (95% CI: 2.03 to 2.63) in men and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.44 to 1.72) in women. Plasma 25(OH)D levels are inversely associated with risk of incident hypertension...