G A Colditz

..We therefore examine prospectively the relation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence among women, and quantify the associations between dietary antioxidants, other nutrients, and lung cancer risk...

..We examined prospectively the relation between body fatness during childhood and adolescence and the incidence of breast cancer in premenopausal women...

..Here, we report on the results of a large and comprehensive study of the association between genetic variation in the AR gene and risk of breast cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3)...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the Harvard Service FFQ (HSFFQ) among low-income American Indian and Caucasian pregnant women...

..The potential interactions between physical activity, adiposity, and current use of OCs require further study...

..Through analyses that integrate information from these various sources we are advancing our understanding of the causes of cancer and the potential for prevention...

..Caution is needed when considering the use of postmenopausal hormone therapy after breast cancer...

..Models that both inform and reflect the emerging understanding of the molecular and cell biology of carcinogenesis are still a long way off...

..Use of unopposed postmenopausal hormones for 10 years significantly increases the risk of breast cancer, and the addition of progestin further increases the risk...

..Unresolved issues remain about dose of estrogen and progestin in relation to risk, and about identification of women for whom short-term use to relieve menopausal symptoms may be safe and effective...

..This paper reviews the evidence that these factors may act through hormonal pathways or cell division in response to cyclic hormonal levels...

..To address this issue, we conducted a prospective evaluation of risk factors for breast cancer classified according to receptor status...

..Components of the costs of illness include direct costs resulting from treatment of morbidity and indirect costs caused by lost productivity (work days lost) and forgone earnings caused by premature mortality...

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..These studies revealed expanded opportunities for cancer prevention through approaches that include vaccination, increased physical activity, weight control and avoidance of post-menopausal hormone therapy...

..4. The lack of an established effect on CYP19 function associated with the 10 allele means that these findings should be interpreted with caution...

..In this study, we examined the intake of specific types of dietary fat and protein in relation to the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma...

..To examine the associations of body mass index (BMI) and weight change with risk of stroke in women...

..Furthermore, studies of vitamins A, C, and E in relation to breast cancer risk are inconclusive. We have conducted a large, prospective study to evaluate long-term intakes of these nutrients and breast cancer risk...

..Therefore, we assessed whether physical activity leads to fewer lower urinary tract symptoms in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study...

..Hyperhomocysteinemia is caused by genetic and lifestyle influences, including low intakes of folate and vitamin B6. However, prospective data relating intake of these vitamins to risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) are not available...

..However, the effects of changes in diet and lifestyle on trends in coronary disease are largely unknown...

..84, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.64). These findings are compatible with current hypotheses relating oxidative damage and tissue aging to the development of cataract and CHD...

..We assessed prospectively the association between moderate alcohol intake and CHD risk in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a group at high risk for cardiovascular disease...

..Television (TV) watching, a major sedentary behavior in the United States, has been associated with obesity. We hypothesized that prolonged TV watching may increase risk for type 2 diabetes...

..Folate is involved in DNA synthesis and methylation and may reduce breast cancer risk, particularly among women with greater alcohol consumption...

..To examine the association between birth weight and non-fatal adult cardiovascular disease while controlling for potential confounders such as socioeconomic group and adult lifestyle...

..Our results indicate that although smoking was unrelated to prostate cancer incidence, recent tobacco use had a substantial impact on the occurrence of fatal prostate cancer...

..Data from these two large cohorts do not support any overall association between coffee intake or alcohol intake and risk of pancreatic cancer...

..Because an elevated risk among multivitamin users was not observed consistently in the two cohorts and the pooled data were not significant, the elevated risk among women may be the result of chance...

..This study examined the association between intake of whole vs refined grain and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus...

..We examined prospectively intakes of vitamins A. C, and E, folate, and specific carotenoids in relation to the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) in women...

..Intake of carbohydrates that provide a large glycemic response has been hypothesized to increase the risk of NIDDM, whereas dietary fiber is suspected to reduce incidence. These hypotheses have not been evaluated prospectively...

..beta-Carotene was hypothesized to be largely responsible for the apparent protective effect, but this hypothesis was not supported by clinical trials...

..To investigate risk factors for pulmonary embolism in women...

..The increased risk with low intake of saturated fat and trans unsaturated fat is compatible with the reported association between low serum total cholesterol and risk...

..11 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.39) for women who were breastfed compared with those who were not. Data from these two large cohorts do not support the hypothesis that being breastfed confers protection against subsequent breast cancer...

..Reduction in egg consumption has been widely recommended to lower blood cholesterol levels and prevent coronary heart disease (CHD). Epidemiologic studies on egg consumption and risk of CHD are sparse...

..Physical activity may be an important determinant of the risk of gallstone disease in women, both independently and as a result of its role in maintaining body weight...

..We observed no evidence of differential susceptibility to these exposures by NAT2 genotype...

..To assess the prevalence rates and correlates of overweight, concern with weight, and bulimic behaviors...

..The role of walking, as compared with vigorous exercise, in the prevention of coronary heart disease remains controversial, and data for women on this topic are sparse...

..Frequent consumption of fruit and vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in many observational studies...

..To examine the relation between nut consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of women from the Nurses' Health Study...

..Further research is needed to determine whether low-dose oestrogen pills in particular are associated with an increase in risk and to describe possible interactions between OC use and sun exposure or other risk factors for melanoma...

..Metabolic studies suggest that saturated fatty acids differ in their effects on blood lipids...

..To examine prospectively the association between snoring and incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women...

..To examine the role of physical activity, inactivity, and dietary patterns on annual weight changes among preadolescents and adolescents, taking growth and development into account...

..Antioxidant vitamins may decrease risk of cancer by limiting oxidative DNA damage leading to cancer initiation. Few prospective studies have assessed relations between antioxidant vitamins and ovarian carcinoma...

..Moreover, the A870G genotype may enhance the protective effect of postmenopausal oestrogen use on the development of colorectal neoplasia...

..There is little information, however, about the direct effect of night work on the risk of cancer. We investigated the effect of night work in breast cancer...

..Increased physical activity has been associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in the general population, but data are limited on its role among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus...

..Also, the association between never smoking and PD risk may be present only in people with the MAOB G allele...

..To assess prospectively the relation of peer and media influences on the risk of development of purging behaviors...

..Early natural menopause has been postulated to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease...

..Additionally, several studies have been unable to control for the full range of potential confounding factors. We examined prospectively the relationship of passive smoking with risk of CHD in a cohort of women...

..Coffee has several metabolic effects that could reduce the risk of gallstone formation...

..Although many studies suggest that physical activity may reduce risk of type 2 diabetes, the role of moderate-intensity activity such as walking is not well understood...

..Increased physical activity has been hypothesized to be a means of breast cancer prevention. We examined the associations between physical activity at two different times in life and breast cancer risk...

..The benefits appeared to be primarily for cardiovascular disease and not for cancer...

..Low birth weight has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and high birth weight has been associated with increased adult body mass index. Published studies on adults have included only a small number of women...

..Experimental studies in laboratory animals and humans suggest that alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) may reduce the risk of arrhythmia...

..to aid decision making regarding potential prevention options for breast cancer, including chemoprevention with tamoxifen...

..These prospective findings confirm that an inverse association between smoking and the incidence of Parkinson's disease exists in both men and women...

..These data suggest that inherited variants in ESR2 (while possibly conferring a small increased risk of breast cancer) are not associated with appreciable (OR > 1.2) changes in breast cancer risk among Caucasian women...

..05) was suggested. These findings suggest that the HSD17B1 may be associated with circulating estradiol levels and interact with body mass index in postmenopausal breast cancer...

..For women with a high risk factor profile, adopting a healthier lifestyle could dramatically reduce colon cancer risk...

..Evidence on the associations between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and incident colon and rectal cancer is limited...

..These results suggest that genetic variants and circulating levels of IGFBP-3 may play a role in the early stage of breast carcinogenesis...

..To explore the relationship between depressive symptoms and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women...

..Differences in the inflammation and cytokine profile between COPD and asthma might explain why COPD, but not asthma, is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes...

..quot;DISCUSSION: The frequency of eating family dinner was inversely associated with overweight prevalence at baseline but not with likelihood of becoming overweight in longitudinal analyses...

..CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and physical inactivity independently contribute to the development of CHD in women. These data underscore the importance of both maintaining a healthy weight and regular physical activity in preventing CHD...

..Physically active individuals have a lower risk of developing colorectal cancer but the influence of exercise on cancer survival is unknown...

..However, a Western-type diet may elevate risk of breast cancer among smokers, and a prudent diet may protect against estrogen receptive-negative tumors...

..There was no association between recent physical activity and mammographic density. These findings indicate that childhood and adult body fatness and weight change from age 18 are inversely associated with mammographic density...

..We quantified the expected effect of changes in breast cancer risk factors on future rates of breast cancer in China...

..The influence of long-term use of aspirin on total mortality in women remains uncertain...

..We examined the association between adolescent fiber intake and proliferative BBD, a marker of increased breast cancer risk, in the Nurses' Health Study II...

..However, these data suggest that longer AR [CAG](n) repeat alleles may increase breast cancer risk among women with a first-degree family history of breast cancer...

..Associations for total fruits and vegetables were similar for different histologic types. These results suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption in adulthood has no important association with the risk of ovarian cancer...

..This study suggests that the Arg72Pro polymorphism may play a role in skin carcinogenesis...

..In fact, these women actually fare better on measures of psychologic function than do women living with a spouse...

..The long-term relations between specific types of dietary fat and risk of type 2 diabetes remain unclear...

..9%; P = 0.05) and estradiol (+8.5%; P = 0.17). These data suggest that the A2 allele of CYP17 decreases endometrial cancer risk, but has only weak effects on endogenous estrogen levels among postmenopausal women...

..Family history of skin cancer is an important determinant of skin cancer risk for offspring. No previous study of the effect of personal or family history of skin cancer on the sun protection behaviors of the offspring has been published...

..Our goal was to evaluate differences in risk of these skin cancers according to residence at varying UV indices at 3 time points...

..590). Although the gene responsible has yet to be identified, the validation of this marker in this large sample of prostate cancer cases leaves little room for the possibility of a false-positive result...

..Overall, results suggest no association between intake of any type of fat and ovarian cancer...

..CONCLUSION: Consistent with the elevation in risk for endogenous testosterone levels, women using estrogen and testosterone therapies have a significantly increased risk of invasive breast cancer...

..28, 95% CI, 0.82-2.00), nor fatal CHD in the short term (RR=0.49, 95% CI, 0.22-2.08). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that job insecurity may increase the short-term risk of non-fatal MI in women...

..Similar inverse associations were seen with components (calcium and vitamin D) of dairy foods, but their independent associations with breast cancer are difficult to distinguish...

..Alcohol intake was associated with BCC, but the association appeared to be different for each type of alcoholic beverage. Other studies are needed to confirm these results...

..To examine ethnic differences in risk of type 2 diabetes, taking dietary and lifestyle risk factors into account...

..Our data provide evidence of an association between postmenopausal hormone use and breast cancer that is not solely the product of a detection bias...

..CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of hypertension, higher BMI, and increasing pack-years of smoking appear to independently increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma...