HANNAI CAMPOS

..These isomer-specific associations are an interesting new finding. Other prospective and intervention studies are necessary to examine these relationships further...

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..Alpha-linolenic acid may protect against cardiovascular disease. We examined the association between adipose tissue alpha-linolenic acid and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (MI) in a population-based case-control study in Costa Rica...

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..Costa Ricans follow a staple dietary pattern that includes white rice and beans, yet the combined role of these foods on cardiometabolic risk factors has not been studied...

..Although small apoB-48 lipoproteins may be atherogenic remnant particles, their very low concentration may diminish their clinical significance...

..Intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids found in fish is low in many countries worldwide. alpha-Linolenic acid could be a viable cardioprotective alternative to these fatty acids in these countries...

..05 mmol/L, P = 0.009). These data suggest that the APOE2 allele could modulate the effect of habitual saturated fat on VLDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in a population with an average habitual total fat intake of less than 30%...

..Therefore, VLDL particles with apoC-III may play a central role in identifying the high risk of coronary heart disease in hypertriglyceridemia, but their substantial prevalence in normolipidemics may be of clinical significance as well...

..Animal models link large LDL to atherosclerosis. However, the strong association between small LDL and other risk factors, particularly triglyceride levels, impedes determining whether LDL size independently predicts CHD in humans...

..Ideally, adipose tissue and dietary questionnaires should complement, rather than substitute for, each other in epidemiologic studies...

..Whereas dietary intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids has been associated with risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), few studies have examined the relation for blood concentrations...

..CONCLUSIONS: LDL with apoCIII strongly predicts coronary events in diabetic patients independently of other lipids and may be an atherogenic remnant of triglyceride-rich VLDL metabolism...

..44 A increase in LDL size (P =.004). In sum, it is possible that the effects of dietary factors, such as intake of trans FA on CHD are mediated through their effects on LDL size...

..14; CI: 0.84-1.56). These data suggest that as currently used in Costa Rica, and most likely in many other developing countries, the replacement of palm oil with a polyunsaturated nonhydrogenated vegetable oil would reduce the risk of MI...

..Diabetes status per se does not appear to be associated with high concentrations of apoCIII-containing TG-rich lipoprotein particles, if the plasma TG levels are similar...

..The Ala12 allele of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene (PPARG) decreases the lipolysis of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue, which results in the accumulation of fatty acids in adipocytes...

..01). CONCLUSIONS: These prospective data do not support an overall protective relation between plasma carotenoids or tocopherols and future MI risk among men without a history of prior cardiovascular disease...

..Better understanding of the metabolic factors that increase AA in adipose tissue is urgently needed...

..The relation between dairy product intake and the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains controversial...

..In summary, this study supports the hypothesis that haplotypes in the APOC3 gene but not in the APOA5 gene increase susceptibility to MI...

..The mechanism underlying the positive association between lutein + zeaxanthin and the risk of MI warrants investigation...

..CONCLUSION: The usefulness of adipose tissue and plasma carotenoids as biomarkers of intake is similar, although correlations for individual carotenoids vary substantially...

..Although several comprehensive dietary questionnaires have been validated and calibrated in healthy populations, similar studies have not been performed among cancer patients...

..Methyltestosterone may lower plasma triglycerides through a reduction in apoCIII...

..Temporal variability of biomarkers should be evaluated before their use in epidemiologic studies...

..However, both n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-6 arachidonic acid (AA) are required for normal fetal development...

..Previous studies suggest a positive association between markers of trans-fatty acid intake and prostate cancer. We therefore prospectively evaluated the association between blood trans-fatty acid levels and risk of prostate cancer...

..Some Alu sequences may have functional relevance on the regulation of the APOA5-gene expression...

..Although the association was strongest for alpha-carotene, the high degree of collinearity among plasma carotenoids limits our ability to conclude that this association is specific to any individual carotenoid...

..Aspirin also inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme and may share with n-3 fatty acids a potential mechanism to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer...

..Whether long-chain n-3 fatty acids are also associated with the risk of sudden death in those without a history of cardiovascular disease is unknown...

..Breastfeeding accounts for a sizable proportion of infant HIV infections. Some fatty acids (FAs) are potent immunomodulators with virucidal activity, and their primary source in breastfed children is breast milk...

..Erythrocyte fatty acids may be superior to plasma fatty acids for reflecting long-term fatty acid intake because of less sensitivity to recent intake and a slower turnover rate...

..Animal models suggest that n-3 fatty acids inhibit prostate cancer proliferation, whereas n-6 fatty acids promote it, but epidemiologic studies do not uniformly support these findings...

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..Intakes of beta-cryptoxanthin and papaya, a tropical fruit frequently consumed in Latin America, were the best predictors of beta-cryptoxanthin concentrations in plasma...

..Genetic variation in the insulin response element of the APOC3 promoter is associated with an increased risk of MI...

..Thus, fasting whole blood could be the sample of choice in epidemiologic studies because of its ability to predict intake, its accessibility, and minimum sample processing...

..In blacks, the concentration of lipoproteins with apo C-III is unknown, and the response to dietary strategies that lower triglyceride and apo C-III has not been investigated..

..Trans-fatty acids were present in human sperm and were related inversely to sperm concentration (r = -0.44)...

..Because the use of hydrogenated oils is increasing worldwide, consumers should be aware of the harmful effects of products containing partially hydrogenated oils...

..Similar to a few other populations, apparent protection was observed at very low alcohol intakes. CONCLUSION: Low to moderate consumption of alcohol 1-2 d/wk is independently associated with a reduced risk of MI...

..The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the Ala227Pro polymorphism in the ADAMTS1 metalloproteinase gene and coronary heart disease and benefit from statin therapy in 2 independent cohorts...

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..Pasture-grazing dairy cows have more CLA in their milk than do grain-fed cows. Some animal models have reported beneficial effects of CLA on atherosclerosis...

..20 (1.01, 1.42). These results show that the high variability of admixture proportions in the Central Valley population offers a unique opportunity to uncover the genetic basis of ethnic differences on the risk of disease...

..Dietary intake affects lipoprotein concentration and composition related to those apolipoproteins...

..We examined the association between adipose tissue arachidonic acid and the metabolic syndrome in Costa Rica, a country in which the metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent...

..Future studies should explore the use of whole blood as an alternative choice to measure fatty acid intake in epidemiological studies...

..We assessed the hypothesis that higher trans fatty acid contents in erythrocytes were associated with an elevated risk of CHD in a nested case-control study among US women...

..No additional protection was observed at intakes > 1 serving/d. These findings are timely given the trend toward increased obesity, cardiovascular disease, and a reduction in the intake of beans in Latin American countries...

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..The X447 mutant allele of the LPL gene may protect from MI risk, although this effect is small...

..CONCLUSION: As a proportion of energy, diets of Costa Rican adolescents contain less micronutrients than those of their adult relatives. Parents should be aware of this trend and its association with poor health status...

..The public health sector of Costa Rica should regulate food labeling and content to ensure very low levels of TFA intake...

..Because these characteristics are associated with high risk of cardiovascular disease, the efficacy of food fortification program in rural areas should be carefully addressed...

..01 and 0.05 for trend, respectively). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that gamma-tocopherol does not protect against nonfatal MI...

..To test the hypothesis that APOC3 gene polymorphisms modulate the effect of saturated fat (SAT) intake on plasma lipoproteins and LDL size...

..This study evaluated whether genetic markers previously identified in whites are associated with nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (MI) in Hispanics...

..In sum, this study describes a novel procedure that can be used to identify the transmission of disease susceptibility markers in population-based studies...

..We previously reported that variants of a 5-LO promoter repeat polymorphism were associated with carotid atherosclerosis in humans, an effect that was exacerbated by high dietary AA but mitigated by high dietary n-3 fatty acids...

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..Individuals who are homozygous for the CYP1A2*1A allele are "rapid" caffeine metabolizers, whereas carriers of the variant CYP1A2*1F are "slow" caffeine metabolizers...

..Caffeine is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world, and individual differences in response to its stimulating effects may explain some of the variability in caffeine consumption within a population...

..95 (0.81-1.11) for individuals with the HR genotype and 1.18 (0.79-1.76) for those with the RR genotype. These results suggest that EPHX1 does not play a significant role in the development of CHD...

..Isothiocyanates induce glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), polymorphic genes that code for enzymes that conjugate isothiocyanates, as well as mutagens and reactive oxygen species, to make them more readily excretable...

..Cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction (MI), is increasing in developing countries. Knowledge of risk factors and their impact on the population could offer insights into primary prevention...

..Delta(6)-Desaturase (FADS2) is the rate-limiting step in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthetic pathway...

..We hypothesize that coffee in the presence of predisposing factors can induce a cascade of events that, through sympathetic nervous activation, can induce the onset of myocardial infarction...

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..To examine the socio-economic and lifestyle determinants of cooking oil choice in Costa Rica during the last decade (1994-2004)...

..Because the myeloid IgA Fc receptor encoded by FCAR mediates inflammation, we hypothesized that the FCAR Asp92Asn polymorphism is associated with risk of MI and that this risk would be modified by pravastatin...

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..This study will provide the most complete data set to study numerous hypotheses relating genes, diet, and CHD, and could lead to specific targeted interventions for reducing the development of CHD. ..

..Because polyunsaturated FAs are important as activators of PPARs and their capacity to regulate gene expression at the level of transcription, this metabolic system is a suitable candidate for the proposed study. ..