Virginia Espina

Summary

Affiliation: George Mason University
Country: USA

Publications

  1. ncbi Malignant precursor cells pre-exist in human breast DCIS and require autophagy for survival
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
    PLoS ONE 5:e10240. 2010
  2. ncbi Laser capture microdissection technology
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
    Expert Rev Mol Diagn 7:647-57. 2007
  3. ncbi Reduction of preanalytical variability in specimen procurement for molecular profiling
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 823:49-57. 2012
  4. ncbi Phosphoprotein stability in clinical tissue and its relevance for reverse phase protein microarray technology
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 785:23-43. 2011
  5. ncbi A portrait of tissue phosphoprotein stability in the clinical tissue procurement process
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
    Mol Cell Proteomics 7:1998-2018. 2008
  6. ncbi Multifunctional core-shell nanoparticles: discovery of previously invisible biomarkers
    Davide Tamburro
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
    J Am Chem Soc 133:19178-88. 2011
  7. ncbi Development of reverse phase protein microarrays for clinical applications and patient-tailored therapy
    Runa Speer
    University of Tubingen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Calwer Str 7, 72076 Tubingen, Germany, and Department of Surgery, Inova Fairfax Hospital Cancer Center, Falls Church, VA, USA
    Cancer Genomics Proteomics 4:157-64. 2007
  8. ncbi Multiplexed cell signaling analysis of human breast cancer applications for personalized therapy
    Julia D Wulfkuhle
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
    J Proteome Res 7:1508-17. 2008
  9. ncbi Reverse-phase protein microarrays: application to biomarker discovery and translational medicine
    Amy VanMeter
    George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
    Expert Rev Mol Diagn 7:625-33. 2007
  10. ncbi Reverse phase protein microarrays for monitoring biological responses
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 383:321-36. 2007

Collaborators

Detail Information

Publications57

  1. ncbi Malignant precursor cells pre-exist in human breast DCIS and require autophagy for survival
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
    PLoS ONE 5:e10240. 2010
    ....
  2. ncbi Laser capture microdissection technology
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
    Expert Rev Mol Diagn 7:647-57. 2007
    ..A variety of downstream applications exist: DNA genotyping and loss-of-heterozygosity analysis, RNA transcript profiling, cDNA library generation, mass spectrometry proteomics discovery and signal pathway profiling...
  3. ncbi Reduction of preanalytical variability in specimen procurement for molecular profiling
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 823:49-57. 2012
    ..We further propose the future use of a multipurpose fixative solution designed to stabilize, preserve and maintain proteins, nucleic acids, and tissue architecture...
  4. ncbi Phosphoprotein stability in clinical tissue and its relevance for reverse phase protein microarray technology
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 785:23-43. 2011
    ..Based on this analysis we have established tissue procurement guidelines for clinical research with an emphasis on quantifying phosphoproteins by RPMA...
  5. ncbi A portrait of tissue phosphoprotein stability in the clinical tissue procurement process
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
    Mol Cell Proteomics 7:1998-2018. 2008
    ....
  6. ncbi Multifunctional core-shell nanoparticles: discovery of previously invisible biomarkers
    Davide Tamburro
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
    J Am Chem Soc 133:19178-88. 2011
    ....
  7. ncbi Development of reverse phase protein microarrays for clinical applications and patient-tailored therapy
    Runa Speer
    University of Tubingen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Calwer Str 7, 72076 Tubingen, Germany, and Department of Surgery, Inova Fairfax Hospital Cancer Center, Falls Church, VA, USA
    Cancer Genomics Proteomics 4:157-64. 2007
    ..This "wiring diagram" can serve as the basis for both, selection of a therapy and patient stratification...
  8. ncbi Multiplexed cell signaling analysis of human breast cancer applications for personalized therapy
    Julia D Wulfkuhle
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
    J Proteome Res 7:1508-17. 2008
    ..Analysis of biopsy material from clinical trials for targeted therapeutics demonstrates the feasibility and utility of comprehensive signal pathway activation profiling for molecular analysis...
  9. ncbi Reverse-phase protein microarrays: application to biomarker discovery and translational medicine
    Amy VanMeter
    George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
    Expert Rev Mol Diagn 7:625-33. 2007
    ..This class of microarray can be used to interrogate cellular samples, serum or body fluids. This review focuses on the application of reverse-phase protein microarrays for translational research and therapeutic drug target discovery...
  10. ncbi Reverse phase protein microarrays for monitoring biological responses
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 383:321-36. 2007
    ..The pattern of signal intensity generated by the protein spots can be correlated with biological and clinical information as diagnostic and prognostic indicators...
  11. ncbi Reverse phase protein microarrays: fluorometric and colorimetric detection
    Rosa I Gallagher
    George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 723:275-301. 2011
    ..The focus of this chapter is to describe RPMA detection and imaging using fluorescent and colorimetric (diaminobenzidine (DAB)) methods...
  12. ncbi Laser capture microdissection and protein microarray analysis of human non-small cell lung cancer: differential epidermal growth factor receptor (EGPR) phosphorylation events associated with mutated EGFR compared with wild type
    Amy J VanMeter
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
    Mol Cell Proteomics 7:1902-24. 2008
    ..This is the first comparison of multiple, site-specific phosphoproteins with the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain mutation status in vivo...
  13. ncbi Application of laser microdissection and reverse-phase protein microarrays to the molecular profiling of cancer signal pathway networks in the tissue microenvironment
    Virginia Espina
    Department of Molecular and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
    Clin Lab Med 29:1-13. 2009
    ..This article explains how these two technologies, LCM and RPA, can be combined to yield molecular pathway data for the individualized therapy of the future...
  14. ncbi Reverse phase protein microarrays advance to use in clinical trials
    Claudius Mueller
    George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
    Mol Oncol 4:461-81. 2010
    ....
  15. ncbi Reverse-phase phosphoproteome analysis of signaling pathways induced by Rift valley fever virus in human small airway epithelial cells
    Taissia G Popova
    National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
    PLoS ONE 5:e13805. 2010
    ..Analyses of MP-12 titers in challenged cells in the presence of MAPK inhibitors indicated that activation of p38 represents a protective cell response while ERK activation controls viral replication...
  16. ncbi Laser-capture microdissection
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd. MS 4E3, Manassas, Virginia, USA
    Nat Protoc 1:586-603. 2006
    ..Herein we provide a thorough description of LCM techniques, with an emphasis on tips and troubleshooting advice derived from LCM users. The total time required to carry out this protocol is typically 1-1.5 h...
  17. ncbi Laser capture microdissection: Arcturus(XT) infrared capture and UV cutting methods
    Rosa I Gallagher
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 823:157-78. 2012
    ....
  18. ncbi One-step preservation of phosphoproteins and tissue morphology at room temperature for diagnostic and research specimens
    Claudius Mueller
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
    PLoS ONE 6:e23780. 2011
    ....
  19. ncbi The use of hydrogel microparticles to sequester and concentrate bacterial antigens in a urine test for Lyme disease
    Temple A Douglas
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, 10900 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
    Biomaterials 32:1157-66. 2011
    ..These findings justify controlled clinical studies evaluating the sensitivity and precision of Lyme antigen testing in urine...
  20. ncbi Reverse-phase protein microarrays for theranostics and patient tailored therapy
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 520:89-105. 2009
    ..The results of which pathways are "in use" can then be correlated with biological and clinical information and serve as both a diagnostic and a therapeutic guide, thus providing a "theranostic" endpoint...
  21. ncbi Mapping molecular networks using proteomics: a vision for patient-tailored combination therapy
    Emanuel F Petricoin
    US Food and Drug Administration National Cancer Institute Clinical Proteomics Program, Office of Cellular and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD, USA
    J Clin Oncol 23:3614-21. 2005
    ..We provide a vision for individualized combinatorial therapy based on proteomic mapping of phosphorylation end points in clinical tissue material...
  22. ncbi Molecular analysis of HER2 signaling in human breast cancer by functional protein pathway activation mapping
    Julia D Wulfkuhle
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
    Clin Cancer Res 18:6426-35. 2012
    ....
  23. ncbi Laser capture microdissection
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 319:213-29. 2006
    ..LCM platforms are available as a manual system (PixCell; Arcturus Bioscience) or as an automated system (AutoPix)...
  24. ncbi What is the malignant nature of human ductal carcinoma in situ?
    Virginia Espina
    George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
    Nat Rev Cancer 11:68-75. 2011
    ..A new, open trial of neoadjuvant therapy for patients with DCIS constitutes a model for testing investigational agents that target malignant progenitor cells in the intraductal niche...
  25. ncbi [Development of the protein microarray technique and usefulness in individualized molecular tumor therapy]]
    Virginia Espina
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Onkologie 28:40-2. 2005
  26. ncbi Attacking breast cancer at the preinvasion stage by targeting autophagy
    Virginia Espina
    George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
    Womens Health (Lond Engl) 9:157-70. 2013
    ....
  27. ncbi A novel biomarker harvesting nanotechnology identifies Bak as a candidate melanoma biomarker in serum
    Caterina Longo
    Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
    Exp Dermatol 20:29-34. 2011
    ..Melanoma represents only 4% of all skin cancers, but nearly 80% of skin cancer deaths. This manuscript applies several new measurement technologies with the purpose of elucidating molecular signatures of melanoma aggressiveness...
  28. ncbi Anthrax infection inhibits the AKT signaling involved in the E-cadherin-mediated adhesion of lung epithelial cells
    Taissia Popova
    National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
    FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 56:129-42. 2009
    ..We conclude that the PI3K/AKT pathway controlling the integrity of epithelium plays an important survival role in anthrax infection...
  29. ncbi Reverse phase protein microarrays for theranostics and patient-tailored therapy
    Virginia Espina
    Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 441:113-28. 2008
    ..The results of which pathways are "in use" can then be correlated with biological and clinical information and serve as both a diagnostic and a therapeutic guide: thus providing a "theranostic" endpoint...
  30. ncbi Molecular network analysis using reverse phase protein microarrays for patient tailored therapy
    Runa Speer
    , Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, , Germany
    Adv Exp Med Biol 610:177-86. 2008
  31. ncbi Protein microarrays: meeting analytical challenges for clinical applications
    Lance A Liotta
    FDA NCI Clinical Proteomics Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Cancer Cell 3:317-25. 2003
    ....
  32. ncbi Automated laser capture microdissection for tissue proteomics
    Adrianna S Rodriguez
    Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Methods Mol Biol 441:71-90. 2008
    ..This protocol describes microdissection techniques compatible with downstream proteomic analyses...
  33. ncbi Pegylated, steptavidin-conjugated quantum dots are effective detection elements for reverse-phase protein microarrays
    David Geho
    FDA-NCI Clinical Proteomics Program, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
    Bioconjug Chem 16:559-66. 2005
    ....
  34. ncbi Use of reverse phase protein microarrays and reference standard development for molecular network analysis of metastatic ovarian carcinoma
    Katherine M Sheehan
    United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-NCI Clinical Proteomics Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Mol Cell Proteomics 4:346-55. 2005
    ..Extending these findings to the bedside will require the development of optimized protocols and reference standards. We have developed a reference standard based on a mixture of phosphorylated peptides to begin to address this challenge...
  35. ncbi Genomic and proteomic technologies for individualisation and improvement of cancer treatment
    Julia Wulfkuhle
    NCI FDA Clinical Proteomics Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Eur J Cancer 40:2623-32. 2004
    ..Inclusion of concomitant genomic and proteomic-based molecular profiling techniques into clinical trial protocols will bring us closer to the reality of patient-tailored therapy...
  36. ncbi Manual exfoliation of fresh tissue obviates the need for frozen sections for molecular profiling
    Wilfrido D Mojica
    Department of Pathology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
    Cancer 105:483-91. 2005
    ..This simple, rapid, nonfixative based technique is capable of preparing cells from human clinical material for further isolation without compromising the preservation of macromolecules in the tissue...
  37. ncbi Protein microarray detection strategies: focus on direct detection technologies
    Virginia Espina
    FDA NCI Clinical Proteomics Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Room B1B53, Bldg 10, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    J Immunol Methods 290:121-33. 2004
    ..Herein, we discuss detection strategies and challenges for protein microarray technology, focusing on direct detection of protein microarrays...
  38. ncbi Clinical proteomics: revolutionizing disease detection and patient tailoring therapy
    Emanuel Petricoin
    NCI FDA Clinical Proteomics Program, Office of Cell and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
    J Proteome Res 3:209-17. 2004
    ..The analysis of human cancer can be used as a model for how clinical proteomics is having an impact at the bedside for early detection, rational therapeutic targeting, and patient-tailored therapy...
  39. ncbi Accurate diagnosis of acute graft-versus-host disease using serum proteomic pattern analysis
    Ramaprasad Srinivasan
    Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Exp Hematol 34:796-801. 2006
    ..CONCLUSION: These preliminary data suggest a potential application of SELDI-TOF-based proteomic analysis as a rapid and accurate method to diagnose acute GVHD...
  40. ncbi Phosphoprotein pathway mapping: Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin activation is negatively associated with childhood rhabdomyosarcoma survival
    Emanuel F Petricoin
    Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Cellular and Gene Therapy, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
    Cancer Res 67:3431-40. 2007
    ..These results suggest that phosphoprotein mapping of the Akt/mTOR pathway should be studied further as a means to select patients to receive mTOR/IRS pathway inhibitors before administration of chemotherapy...
  41. ncbi The needle in the haystack: application of breast fine-needle aspirate samples to quantitative protein microarray technology
    Amy Rapkiewicz
    Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Cancer 111:173-84. 2007
    ..Reverse-phase protein microarray (RPPM) technology has been applied successfully to the quantitative analysis of breast, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancers using frozen surgical specimens...
  42. ncbi Proteomic profiling of the NCI-60 cancer cell lines using new high-density reverse-phase lysate microarrays
    Satoshi Nishizuka
    Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:14229-34. 2003
    ....
  43. ncbi Pathology of the future: molecular profiling for targeted therapy
    Virginia Espina
    National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
    Cancer Invest 23:36-46. 2005
    ....
  44. ncbi Use of proteomic patterns to screen for gastrointestinal malignancies
    Andrew L Feldman
    Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Surgery 135:243-7. 2004
  45. ncbi Serum proteomics in cancer diagnosis and management
    Kevin P Rosenblatt
    Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
    Annu Rev Med 55:97-112. 2004
    ..With this approach, rapid and cost-effective tests with exquisite clinical sensitivity and specificity are emerging. These tools may dramatically change how disease is detected, monitored, and managed...
  46. ncbi Use of proteomic analysis to monitor responses to biological therapies
    Virginia Espina
    National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B1B53, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Expert Opin Biol Ther 4:83-93. 2004
    ..Ultimately, proteomics and genomics will become integrated into cancer patient management through the design and tracking of individualised therapy...
  47. ncbi Biomarkers of ovarian tumours
    Amy V Rapkiewicz
    Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 1500, USA
    Eur J Cancer 40:2604-12. 2004
    ..Here, we review the studies that are involved in biomarker development for the detection of ovarian cancer...
  48. ncbi Application of laser capture microdissection and protein microarray technologies in the molecular analysis of airway injury following pollution particle exposure
    Elizabeth Roberts
    Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
    J Toxicol Environ Health A 67:851-61. 2004
    ....
  49. ncbi Smart hydrogel particles: biomarker harvesting: one-step affinity purification, size exclusion, and protection against degradation
    Alessandra Luchini
    CRO IRCCS National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
    Nano Lett 8:350-61. 2008
    ..The captured analytes can be readily electroeluted for analysis...
  50. ncbi A prospective analysis of imatinib-induced c-KIT modulation in ovarian cancer: a phase II clinical study with proteomic profiling
    Edwin M Posadas
    Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 1500, USA
    Cancer 110:309-17. 2007
    ..Imatinib inhibits the kinase domain and subsequent downstream signaling of these receptor tyrosine kinases. The objective of this study was to investigate biochemical and biologic effects of imatinib on EOC...
  51. ncbi A phase II and pharmacodynamic study of gefitinib in patients with refractory or recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer
    Edwin M Posadas
    Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
    Cancer 109:1323-30. 2007
    ..The secondary objectives included assessing clinical activity and toxicity and determining the association between biochemical and clinical outcomes...
  52. ncbi Physicochemically modified silicon as a substrate for protein microarrays
    A Jasper Nijdam
    Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Ave, 326 Columbus, OH 43210, USA
    Biomaterials 28:550-8. 2007
    ....
  53. ncbi Proteomic analysis of malignant ovarian cancer effusions as a tool for biologic and prognostic profiling
    Ben Davidson
    Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda Maryland 20892, USA
    Clin Cancer Res 12:791-9. 2006
    ..Biochemical characterization of clinical effusions may provide either predictive and/or correlative information on patient outcome from which to further understand the mechanisms of effusion development and target clinical intervention...
  54. ncbi Proteomic analysis of apoptotic pathways reveals prognostic factors in follicular lymphoma
    Christian Gulmann
    National Cancer Institute--Food and Drug Administration Clinical Proteomics Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Clin Cancer Res 11:5847-55. 2005
    ..Proteomic end points should be incorporated in larger, multicenter trials to validate the clinical utility of these protein microarray findings...
  55. ncbi An interventional magnetic resonance imaging technique for the molecular characterization of intraprostatic dynamic contrast enhancement
    Cynthia Menard
    National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Mol Imaging 4:63-6. 2005
    ..Here we demonstrate the feasibility of precisely colocalizing DCE-MRI data with the genomic and proteomic profiles of underlying biopsy tissue using a novel MRI-guided biopsy technique in a patients with prostate cancer...
  56. ncbi CSF proteome: a protein repository for potential biomarker identification
    Martin J Romeo
    Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Expert Rev Proteomics 2:57-70. 2005
    ..This review highlights some of the promising areas of cerebrospinal fluid proteomic research and their clinical applications...
  57. ncbi Protein microarrays: molecular profiling technologies for clinical specimens
    Virginia Espina
    FDA NCI Clinical Proteomics Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute NIH, Building 10 Room B1B53, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Proteomics 3:2091-100. 2003
    ..A subclass of protein microarrays, Reverse Phase Arrays, created to meet these challenges, has been optimized for use with tissue specimens, and is now in use for the analysis of biopsy samples for clinical trial research...