T R Frieden

..Critical issues for the future of tuberculosis control are sustained funding, technical rigor, and good management...

..India, during a period of rapid expansion of DOTS services. DOTS expansion has been slow in many countries...

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..These myths undermine tobacco control. However, comprehensive tobacco control programs that include anti-smoking public education campaigns can effectively counter these myths and prevent illness and premature death...

..The relevance of DOTS in the context of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and the HIV epidemic also is discussed...

..We sought to determine the impact of comprehensive tobacco control measures in New York City...

..Winning the war on cancer will require a much larger investment in prevention to complement efforts to improve treatment...

..Tuberculosis (TB) is nearly 100% curable. However, the ability of medical and public health interventions to control TB, particularly in developing countries, is often doubted...

..Until tuberculosis is controlled worldwide, it will continue to be a major killer in less-developed countries and a constant threat in most of the more-developed countries...

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..Ten hospital-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinics in New York City...

..India, where much of the global strategy for tuberculosis control was established, but where, every year, there are an estimated 2 million cases of tuberculosis...

..However, this can only happen if the delivery programme is appropriately designed and effectively managed...

..Continued surveillance of occupational TB infection is needed, especially among high-risk HCWs...

..CONCLUSION: A systematic review of every TB case improves the quality of patient information, enhances patient treatment and ensures accountability at all levels of the TB control program...

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..Few studies have assessed medical student knowledge in this area. This study examined New York City fourth-year medical students' knowledge of tobacco cessation and treatment of nicotine addiction...

..We sought to evaluate the contribution of the New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NYC-HANES) to local public health surveillance...

..To estimate the effectiveness of a free nicotine patch giveaway program offered to New York City (NYC) smokers conducted in 2003...

..The effectiveness of this intervention in improving clinical prevention services requires further evaluation...

..7 million dollars, an average of 0.24 dollars per capita. The group described successful chronic disease interventions, particularly related to tobacco and asthma...

..The experience shows that state and local health departments can use their existing authority over restaurants to combat obesity and, indirectly, chronic diseases...

..Given risks for adverse fetal outcomes and maternal chronic diabetes, prompt screening is critical. Metabolic control should be maintained during pregnancy and assessed postpartum for women with gestational diabetes...

..Surveillance for HIV likely underestimates infection among the general population: 25% of US residents are estimated to be unaware of their HIV infection...

..The New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NYC HANES) was designed as a new local surveillance initiative to determine the prevalence of health conditions among adult residents of New York City...

..To screen all eligible adults in New York City would require that approximately 200,000 colonoscopy exams be performed annually. As part of this recommendation, we evaluated current colonoscopy capacity in New York City hospitals...

..We describe smoking prevalence and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among adult nonsmokers in New York City (NYC) across key demographic strata and compare exposure estimates with those found nationally...

..We undertook this study to characterize trends in obesity and diagnosed diabetes from 2002 to 2004 among white, black, and Hispanic adult residents of New York City...

..In conclusion, large, local surveys can provide essential data to effectively advocate for, plan, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive tobacco control program...

..The interval between the two depends on the local context and resources. As funds are allocated to treat MDR-TB, human and financial resources should be increased to expand DOTS worldwide...

..To determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and to assess clinical management indicators among adults with diabetes in a representative sample of New York City adults...

..Healthcare reform plans refer to improved quality, but there is little quantification of potential health benefits of quality care...

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..Public health efforts that change food content to make default choices healthier enable consumers to more successfully meet dietary recommendations and reduce their cardiovascular risk...

..01). Fast-food chains should display calorie information prominently at point of purchase, where it can be seen and used to inform purchases...

..No increases in cardiac deaths were observed...

..Continued exposure to second-hand smoke in New York City prompted a renewed debate about a broader smoke-free air law...

..We estimated overweight and obesity in New York City elementary school children...

..General health-seeking behaviour artifact was ruled out. Seasonality was highest in paediatric cases, suggesting variation in recent transmission...

..But mandatory A1C reporting has provoked debate regarding the role of public health agencies in the control of noncommunicable diseases and, more specifically, both privacy and the doctor-patient relationship...

..Improved surveillance and interventions are needed to better quantify and reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, especially in groups most impacted by obesity...

..To assess the additional risk to household contacts from an infectious case of tuberculosis (TB) at home in a rural community in south India...

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..Morbidity and mortality from liver disease could be decreased further by a reduction in alcohol consumption among persons who have chronic HBV and HCV infection, avoidance of needle sharing, and hepatitis B vaccination...

..India and other countries are in the process of rapid expansion of the DOTS strategy. Constructive cooperation from all sectors will be required for success of the programme...

..We used routine surveillance data to measure time to initiation of care in New York City residents diagnosed as having HIV by positive Western blot test in 2003...

..At least 6038 successful quits were attributable to NRT receipt, and cost was 464 US dollars per quit. INTERPRETATION: Easy access to cessation medication for diverse populations could help many more smokers to stop...

..Tightened physical and electronic controls can prevent misuse of data, minimize the risk of security breaches, and help maintain the reputation and integrity of public health agencies...

..The World Health Organization recommendation of 0.3% carbol fuchsin in the ZN method for staining AFB needs to be reconsidered...

..These findings suggest that the majority of the tuberculosis cases in south India were due to reactivation; therefore, efforts to control tuberculosis should be sustained...

..Hospitals with beds for tuberculosis (TB) in India...

..The PhAS method was better accepted by the laboratory technicians and safer but necessitates an overnight sedimentation, which delays reporting of results until 1 day after sputum collection...

..This study sought to determine the impact of the World Health Organization's directly observed treatment strategy (DOTS) compared with that of DOTS-plus on tuberculosis deaths, mainly in the developing world...

..CONCLUSION: The incidence of tuberculosis increased steadily with tuberculin sensitivity to PPD-S and age at intake. Males had a significantly higher risk than females in every PPD-S group and the overall risk was three-fold higher...

..Still, recent developments in immunology, biochemistry, and molecular biology suggest that new knowledge and tools are just around the corner. These will enhance the ability to conquer this microbe by the end of the current century...

..001). The results of the study reveal that processing of sputum samples in a refrigerated centrifuge does not improve the rate of isolation but will result in rapid isolation of M. tuberculosis...

..This study assessed the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder among New York City adults...