Julie M Overbaugh

..To begin to address this, we analyzed the envelope sequence variation of viruses that evolved in animals infected with variants of SIVMne that had been cloned from an index animal at different stages of infection...

..abstract:..

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..We tested the hypothesis that T. vaginalis infection would increase vaginal HIV-1 RNA shedding in women on ART, and that successful treatment would reduce vaginal HIV-1 RNA levels...

..Low serum selenium has been associated with lower CD4 counts and greater mortality among HIV-1-seropositive individuals, but most studies have not controlled for serum albumin and the presence of an acute phase response...

..However, vitamin E supplementation has also been reported to increase CCR5 expression, which could increase HIV-1 replication. We hypothesized that vitamin E levels at HIV-1 acquisition may influence disease progression...

..3-3.0; P<.001). These results indicate that the risk of infant infection from breast-feeding is influenced by breast-milk virus load, which is highest early after delivery...

..Of interest, our data suggest that the complexity of the virus that is transmitted may be different in female and male sexual exposures...

..In this review, we will focus on the various strategies used by mammalian retroviruses to gain entry into the cell. The choice of receptors will also be discussed in light of pressures that drive viral evolution and persistence...

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..The mechanism of action of single-dose nevirapine on reducing mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 may involve reduction of maternal HIV-1 or prophylaxis of infants...

..The effects of short-course antiretrovirals given to reduce mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) on temporal patterns of cell-associated HIV-1 RNA and DNA in breast milk are not well defined...

..Defining the effect of antiretroviral regimens on breast milk HIV type-1 (HIV-1) levels is useful to inform the rational design of strategies to decrease perinatal HIV-1 transmission...

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..04). These results emphasize the importance of adherence to optimize the potential benefits of ART for reducing HIV-1 transmission risk...

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..The probability of HIV-1 infection per liter of breast milk ingested by an infant is similar in magnitude to the probability of heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 per unprotected sex act in adults...

..09; P=.03) and breast milk (HR, 1.01; P=1.00). This suggests that infected BMCs may play a more important role in transmission of HIV via breast-feeding than does cell-free virus...

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..CC and CXC chemokines may play a role in mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission by blocking HIV-1 binding to chemokine receptors and impeding viral entry into cells...

..4-8.8]; P = .006). This relationship held after adjusting for age, CD4 cell count, and plasma HIV-1 RNA load (OR, 3.1 [95% CI, 1.1-8.6]; P = .03). These observations suggest that HIV-1 subtype influences mucosal shedding of HIV-1...

..To investigate the association between the cervical shedding of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HIV-1...

..Guidelines for initiating antiretrovirals are based on markers of advanced disease and are not directly linked to markers of HIV-1 transmission such as viral shedding...

..Antiretroviral therapy (ART) may decrease HIV-1 infectivity in women by reducing genital HIV-1 shedding...

..Using a naturally occurring HIV-1 Envelope (Env) variant as a template, we sought to identify features of Env that would enhance exposure of conserved HIV-1 epitopes...

..However, significant cross-subtype neutralization by plasma was observed, indicating that there may be other epitopes, not yet defined by the limited available MAbs, which could be recognized more broadly...

..An effective HIV-1 vaccine or microbicide must block the transmitted virus variants that initially establish a new infection; consequently, it is critical that such viruses be isolated and characterized...

..We propose that appreciation of these effects will allow better understanding of the evolutionary forces acting on HIV in infected patients...

..Thus, a broad NAb response results from a high level of antigenic stimulation early in infection, which likely accounts for prior observations that greater NAb response breadth is associated with a higher viral load later in infection...

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..Dara Lehman and colleagues discuss a randomized trial that found that adding up to a week of twice-daily zidovudine+lamivudine to single-dose nevirapine reduces the risk of resistance in mothers and infants...

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..001) in endocervical specimens. These data suggest that sampling of cell-associated endocervical HIV-1 increases after the periovulatory period, which could result in increased exposure to HIV-1-infected cells during sexual contact...

..There were no differences in plasma viral load by HIV-1 subtype during follow-up. HIV-1 subtype D infection is associated with a >2-fold higher risk of death than subtype A infection, in spite of similar plasma HIV-1 loads...

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..43 versus 2.85 log10 copies/swab, P < 0.001). After adjusting for HIV-1-plasma RNA, cervical HIV-1 RNA from 30 days or less after infection was increased by 0.45 log10 copies/swab (P = 0.006)...

..To evaluate relationships between HIV-1 evolution, including immune evasion, and markers of disease progression during chronic infection...

..Our data also indicate that the development of cross-reactive NAbs against clade A viruses faces similar hurdles to the development of cross-reactive anti-clade B NAbs...

..Thus, our study also suggests that the extent of glycosylation in the infecting virus could impact disease progression...

..The potential benefit of micronutrient supplementation in HIV-1-seropositive women should be considered in relation to the potential for increased infectivity...

..There are limited data regarding the relative merits of biomarkers as predictors of mortality or time to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART)...

..Our results suggest that studies that examine only small genome regions may lead to underestimates of the risk of superinfection, highlighting the need for more extensive studies examining multiple regions of the HIV-1 genome...

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..4). These data support the hypothesis that the level of HIV-1 RNA in cervical secretions is influenced by the menstrual cycle, and they suggest that the risk of heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 may increase as menses is approached...

..Our results may have important implications regarding the infectivity of women using hormonal contraception, and highlight the need for epidemiologic studies of transmission rates from women using and not using hormonal contraception...

..Vitamin A supplementation is unlikely to decrease HSV shedding and infectivity...

..To assess the immediate and longer-term effects of the use of hormonal contraception on the progression of HIV-1 disease in postpartum women...

..The assay described here can be utilized in future efforts to examine the role of cell-associated HIV-1 in transmission...

..CONCLUSION: The presence of genital tract infections and hormonal contraceptive use at the time of transmission were associated with the acquisition of multiple HIV-1 variants...

..The high degree of genetic homogeneity among the virus isolates representing several subtypes indicates that a single drug targeted against IN might be effective for all HIV-1 infections...

..These studies suggest a complex pattern of virus evolution in this individual with a broad NAb response, including persistence of neutralization-sensitive viruses...

..01) 4 to 24 months after infection compared to women who were infected with a single viral genotype. These studies suggest that early HIV-1 genetic diversity is linked to faster disease progression...

..0-7.0) after adjusting for maternal HIV-1 viral load. Interventions targeting these novel risk factors could lead to more effective prevention of transmission during pregnancy...

..These findings suggest that, in women, the use of DMPA and the presence of GUD during the early phase of HIV-1 infection may influence the natural course of infection...

..Thus, these findings suggest that post-entry events are dependent upon the mechanism by which HIV-1 enters the cell...

..4 log(10) copies/mL...

..0, p = 0.008). Trends for an increased risk of mortality were also seen. A greater decrease in albumin levels accompanying HIV-1 acquisition may be a marker for changes in early infection associated with more rapid disease progression...

..Clinical signs and symptoms of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in infants are not well characterized...

..In addition, they are a potential source of transmission to their infants. A better understanding of the factors that influence HIV-1 susceptibility is key to developing interventions to control the epidemic...

..SIVmne170 is a molecular clone isolated from a pig-tailed macaque 170 weeks after inoculation with SIVmneCL8...

..Using this method, we have estimated the intra-animal viral diversity for a cohort of five pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) infected with SIVMne variants, which displayed a broad range of viral loads at setpoint...

..These data indicate that preventing infection by vaccination will likely require broader and more potent NAb responses than those found in HIV-1-infected individuals...

..Implications from HIV-1 superinfection cases, in which natural re-exposure leads to re-infection, will need to be considered in developing strategies for eliciting protective immunity to HIV-1...

..A recent study from Uganda and Zimbabwe found that women using hormonal contraception were at increased risk for HIV-1 if they were seronegative for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), but not if they were HSV-2 seropositive...

..Analysis of HIV-1 sequences from about 3 years after infection revealed that the level of diversity and diversification was similar between the women in the two groups...

..S. women, one U.S. man, and one Kenyan man near the time of seroconversion. These findings suggest that early HIV-1 genetic diversity is not exclusive to women from Africa or to infection with any particular HIV-1 subtype...

..This latter finding suggests that reinfection may have occurred in high-risk groups early in the epidemic, leading to intersubtype recombinant viruses that underwent secondary spread...

..Differences in Env incorporation and cleavage translated into moderate differences in assays infectivity and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies and entry inhibitors...

..To address these questions, larger population-based studies that define the incidence and timing of superinfection and include collection of samples for immunological studies are needed...

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..These findings identify the inefficient use of Ptm CD4 as an unappreciated restriction to subtype A HIV-1 replication in Ptm cells and reveal amino acid changes to gp120 that can overcome this barrier...

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..Collectively these studies will define the interplay between the properties of the infecting virus, the immune response and replication fitness in SIV/HIV pathogenesis. ..

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..Here, we propose to test the hypothesis that broad and potent neutralizing antibodies protect infants of HIV- 1 positive mothers from infection. ..

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..Here, we propose to test the hypothesis that broad and potent neutralizing antibodies protect infants of HIV- 1 positive mothers from infection. ..

..In this regard, it is striking that in both FeLV and HIV infection, there is selection for T-cell tropic, cytopathic variants in the host, despite the many differences between these viruses. ..

..The expectation is that knowledge gained will provide insight into the mechanisms underlying progression to AIDS. ..

..If this preliminary result is confirmed in a full-scale clinical trial, vitamin A supplementation may offer a simple inexpensive intervention to decrease heterosexual and vertical transmission of HIV-1 in the developing world. ..

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