J W Lampe

..The polymorphic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) gene family encodes several enzymes which catalyze ITC degradation in vivo...

..These highly prevalent polymorphisms, which result in modified expression and activity of UGTs, may influence susceptibility to cancers associated with altered metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds...

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..Understanding these sources of variation is important to be able to use these measures effectively as dietary biomarkers...

..Embracing a cuisine rich in spice, as well as in fruit and vegetables, may further enhance the chemopreventive capacity of one's diet...

..Soy isoflavone exposure may influence breast cancer risk, but little is known of its association with benign conditions...

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..Although these associations are modest, the data suggest that plant foods, particularly constituents of fruits and fiber-containing foods, may influence human beta-glucuronidase activity in a potentially favorable direction...

..The extent to which isoflavone metabolism is key to the efficacy of soy foods remains to be established...

..This points to a complex association between consumption of a typical diet of various vegetables and biotransformation enzyme activities in humans, an association that may be difficult to interpret in observational studies...

..These results suggest that a daily 16 g-fiber dose as wheat bran and the addition of soy protein do not alter significantly the capacity of colonic microflora to produce equol...

..This warrants evaluation both in larger, multiethnic cohorts and in relation to known ecological differences in risk of sex hormone-dependent cancers...

..GST responses were more pronounced in women than men, but it is not clear from this study whether this is a dose-per-body-weight or a sex-specific effect...

..Rigorously conducted experimental dietary studies in humans are an important link between population- and laboratory-based research...

..The influence of live microbes in fermented dairy products and certain cheeses on the human gut microbiome and immune function is a growing area of study...

..With the availability of R- and S-equol, animal studies of carcinogenesis and human intervention studies addressing effects of the equol enantiomers on intermediate biomarkers may help to ascertain the role of equol in cancer risk...

..Associations of plasma isoflavone concentrations with other dietary behaviors suggest that these compounds may serve as biomarkers of health behaviors in populations with low soy consumption...

..In conclusion, several dietary and nondietary factors were associated with beta -glucuronidase activity; however, confirmation of these associations are needed...

..The glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes detoxify several carcinogens. Genetic polymorphisms in GSTM1, T1, and P1 (Ile105Val) have been associated with prostate cancer, however, results have been inconsistent across studies...

..05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence that intestinal bacterial composition may influence BMD in postmenopausal women. Further studies characterizing associations of intestinal bacterial profiles with BMD are warranted...

..Studies suggest beneficial health effects associated with daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes; thus, assessing their determinants is an important goal...

..73). The variants of these enzymes did not influence the association between nonaspirin NSAIDs and adenoma risk. These data indicate that the effectiveness of chemopreventive drugs can be modulated by the genotype of metabolizing enzymes...

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..These results suggest that interindividual variability in intestinal bacteria may be related to differences in products of hormone metabolism in post-menopausal women...

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..006 and 0.03, respectively). These results suggest that citrus consumption may increase UGT1A1 activity among women with the 7/7 genotype...

..A diet rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce cellular proliferation in the mammary epithelium; this is one mechanism by which such a diet could reduce risk of breast cancer...

..This study provides further evidence that genetic variation may appreciably alter sex hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women not taking hormone therapy...

..Nonetheless, assessment of the two foods is a reasonably good marker for soy food consumption in this sample...

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..The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of a telephone-based soy intervention...

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..67 (1.28, 2.17); P < 0.0001]. This study supports the potential utility of urinary DHPPA as a biomarker of whole-grain intake in a U.S. population...

..In this review, we discuss the available evidence for a relationship between daidzeinmetabolizing phenotypes and human health, and suggest potential mechanisms for some of the reported relationships...

..One hypothesized, but understudied, chemopreventive mechanism is that plant food constituents inhibit beta-glucuronidase, an acid hydrolase that deconjugates glucuronides...

..We evaluated relationships between daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes and follicular phase concentrations of estrogens, androgens, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and urinary estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women...

..Thus, this 12-month moderate intensity exercise intervention did not significantly alter urinary excretion of 2-OH E(1), 16alpha-OH E(1), or their ratio in this population of women...

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..A hypothesized mechanism for exercise-induced colon cancer risk reduction might be through alterations in colon crypt cell architecture and proliferation...

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..002). These results suggest that serum bilirubin glucuronidation is modulated by dietary intervention, but factors such as UGT1A1 genotype and sex may affect the response to diet...

..Because few other epidemiologic studies have investigated the association between zinc and prostate cancer, and these have not yielded consistent findings, further research is needed...

..The effect of national exercise recommendations on adiposity is unknown and may differ by sex. We examined long-term effects of aerobic exercise on adiposity in women and men...

..To examine associations of biomarkers of nutrient intake with overall diet quality...

..Only one small epidemiological study has been conducted of boron, which found that those in the highest quartile of boron intake had less than half the risk of prostate cancer versus those in the lowest quartile...

..In this review, we summarize the knowledge of dietary modulation of UGTs, particularly by phytochemicals, and discuss the potential mechanisms by which phytochemicals regulate UGT transcription...

..No association was found between isoflavone excretion and uterine fibroids; however, the intake of soy foods, the primary source of isoflavones, was low in this population...

..Measuring isoflavone excretion in one overnight urine collection serves as a biomarker of recent or past isoflavone intake, even in populations whose intake of soy foods is relatively low...

..There were no associations of leptin receptor genotypes or haplotypes and adenoma risk. The results of this study suggest that, in men, leptin may be associated with risk of colorectal adenomas...

..CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the FFQ provides a useful marker of soy food consumption and isoflavone exposure in this population...

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..Future research should be directed toward developing techniques to identify ACF that are likely to progress to cancer and the modifiable factors that promote or inhibit such progression...

..Thus, these existing procedures can overestimate the power and underestimate the sample size. Accordingly, we developed a simulation-based method to provide more accurate estimates for power and sample size...

..However, there have been no prospective studies of the association between the long-term use of these supplements and breast cancer risk...

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..We assessed relationships between functional polymorphisms in the UGT and SULT genes and breast density in premenopausal women...

..06) with high Brassica vegetable consumption. The epidemiological literature provides modest support for the hypothesis that high intakes of Brassica vegetables reduce prostate cancer risk...

..In conclusion, human gut bacterial community composition was altered by cruciferous vegetable consumption, which could ultimately influence gut metabolism of bioactive food components and host exposure to these compounds...

..Cigarettes are the dominant source of cadmium exposure among smokers; the primary source of cadmium in non-smokers is food. We investigated sources of cadmium exposure in a sample of healthy women...

..We aimed to assess the impact of GL on concentrations of IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3)...

..Test the hypothesis that soy isoflavone supplementation preserves bone mineral density (BMD) in men and women...

..The study aim was to identify dietary and other factors that influence toenail zinc in a healthy population, in order to understand the usefulness of this biomarker in public health studies...

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..The inverse associations between plasma isoflavone concentrations and RBC EPA and DPA and fibroadenoma risk suggest that higher intakes of soy foods and fatty fish may lower the risk of fibroadenomas...

..These results may have implications for altering carcinogen metabolism through dietary intervention, particularly among UGT1A1*28/*28 individuals...

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..These results provide a foundation for further work to refine our understanding of heritable and environmental determinants of daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes...

..cruciferous) with 76% accuracy. The 2740 m/z peak was identified as the B-chain of alpha 2-HS glycoprotein, a serum protein previously found to vary with diet and be involved in insulin resistance and immune function...

..With inconsistent findings in the literature, additional dietary intervention studies on the effect of F&V on DNA damage and repair are needed...

..These findings suggest that expression patterns can be used to identify a complex environmental exposure in humans...

..These results suggest that in vivo CYP1A2 inhibition by apiaceous vegetables may be due to the phytochemicals present and imply that apiaceous vegetable intake may be chemopreventive by inhibiting CYP1A2-mediated carcinogen activation...

..In addition, the effects of dose, duration of exposure, and specificity of different ITC should be considered...

..Selected F&V known to affect UGT activity led to greater glucuronidation and less sulfation...

..CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present trial do not support the view that soy isoflavones have favorable effects on body composition and physical performance in postmenopausal women...

..Overall, in this pilot study, the naturopathic interventions had no substantial effects on estrogen measures. Early-follicular phase androgens decreased with the botanical supplement...

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..However, it is not clear whether adding soy to a low-fat diet has additional lipid-lowering benefits, and few previous studies have examined these effects in women using hormone replacement therapy (HRT+)...

..The relevance of the magnitude of these effects to future prostate cancer risk requires further investigation...

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..Whether certain subgroups of women (eg, equol producers) do benefit from the intervention remains to be elucidated...

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..The additional observation that the prevalence of the ODMA-producer phenotype is lower in KAs suggests that daidzein-metabolizing patterns in general may differ between KAs and CAs...

..This paper summarizes the workshop findings and recommendations. The primary research recommendation is that the impact of isoflavones on breast tissue needs to be evaluated at the cellular level in women at high risk for breast cancer...

..Although further studies are needed, these findings reinforce the need for prudent long-term use of antibiotics...

..The objective of this study is to examine the effects of a 12-month aerobic exercise program on expression of proteins that promote (Bax) or inhibit (Bcl-2) apoptosis in colon crypts...

..The SI reflects the activity of several genes involved in lipid metabolism, including fatty acid synthase and steroyl coenzyme-A desaturase, that have been shown to be overexpressed in breast cancer...

..To determine if breast tumour characteristics varied by antibiotic use prior to diagnosis in 2,266 women with primary, invasive breast cancer...

..The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of soy protein isolates of varied isoflavone content on circulating thyroid hormones in healthy young men...

..This underlines the importance of taking into account equol status in future isoflavone intervention studies...

..6% versus 12.8%; P = 0.54). We found no evidence that a 12-month 83 mg/day isoflavone treatment alters serum PSA concentration or velocity in seemingly healthy men aged 50-80 years...

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..The existing intervention provides an ideal design in which to evaluate the relationships between biotransformation enzyme systems and DNA damage in humans. ..

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..If equol-producer phenotype can predict differences in cumulative estrogen exposure / metabolism, it may serve as an early marker of breast cancer risk. ..

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..Resulting data will be used to guide future, larger, population-based studies of genetic differences in steroid hormone metabolism and may ultimately be used to identify women who are more susceptible to hormone-related conditions. ..

..Furthermore, the additional data collected will add to the wealth of information available on this study population and will help guide further research on the impact of the gut microbiota on disease risk. ..

..The randomized cross-over design will allow us to test efficiently for diet effects within individuals, as well as for gene-by-diet and sex-by-diet interactions. ..

..If we can establish that the equol-producer phenotype is an inherited trait, we can then work to identify the associated genotype and determine more effectively whether this is a biomarker of breast cancer risk. ..

..It provides an ideal design to evaluate the effects of isoflavones on the IGF system and to explore relationships between IGFs and colonic epithelial cell proliferation in humans. ..

..The results of this study will provide novel data regarding the relationship of the equol-producer phenotype, a marker of colonic nticrofloral environment, to lifetime estrogen exposure. ..

..Moreover, it is important to test if particular genetic characteristics augment or decrease the effect of these vegetables. ..