Ruth B Etzioni

..been revitalized by the advent of novel molecular technologies that can identify cellular changes at the level of the genome or proteome, but how can we harness these new technologies to develop effective and practical screening tests?..

..The extent to which this increase reflects treatment of nonlethal disease detected through prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is unknown...

..Prostate cancer mortality rates in the United States declined by >40% between 1991 and 2005. The impact of changes in primary treatment and adjuvant and neoadjuvant hormone therapy on this decline is unknown...

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..In this article, we introduce analytic approaches that explicitly consider both the frequency and intensity of tissue staining...

..The combined use of free and total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in early detection of prostate cancer has been controversial. This article systematically evaluates the discriminating capacity of a large number of combination tests...

..To quantify the plausible contribution of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening to the nearly 30% decline in the US prostate cancer mortality rate observed during the 1990s...

..The objective was to quantify this link between PSA screening and the decline in distant stage incidence...

..The methods are applied to data on free and total PSA levels among prostate cancer cases and matched controls enrolled in the Physicians' Health Study...

..We estimated the long-term effects of finasteride on PSA in men with and without a prostate cancer diagnosis at the end of the study...

..We therefore recommend that other methods be explored to incorporate information about PSA kinetics that could ultimately improve--and even transform--how we detect and treat prostate cancer...

..Overdiagnosis was defined as the detection of prostate cancer through PSA testing that otherwise would not have been diagnosed within the patient's lifetime...

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..Several of these approaches are nonparametric and therefore may be expected to be robust against the non-standard features that are often encountered when analyzing medical cost data...

..CONCLUSIONS: Cancer-attributable medical costs can be substantial for long term survivors, and exceed expected costs of surveillance. Future research is need to determine the components of excess cost in this survivor group...

..The model produces representative outcomes for selected PSA screening policies and is shown to be useful for informing the development of sound cancer control policy...

..I review several observational studies of PSA benefit and discuss the use of computer models for inferring the impact of screening from trends in population mortality...

..The population included Medicare patients (age >or=65 years) who were diagnosed with local or regional stage colorectal cancer between 1986 and 1996...

..We sought to obtain estimates of trends in initial treatment costs during the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era that account for the changing patient case-mix associated with screening...

..This study examines the effectiveness of adjuvant ADT combined with radiotherapy for a wide range of patients treated in the 1990s...

..The objective of this study was to examine whether demographic and lifestyle characteristics are associated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and the rate of PSA increase (PSA velocity)...

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..32-0.98), compared with men with > or =22 CAG repeats and >17 GGC repeats. Our results do not support the hypothesis that a small number of CAG or GGC repeats in the androgen receptor gene increases a man's risk of prostate cancer...

..The National Emphysema Treatment Trial, a randomized clinical trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema, included a prospective economic analysis...

..The suggestions that intraprostatic androgen activity may increase risk and that serum estrogens may decrease risk, warrant additional study...

..Should PSA screening prove efficacious, efforts to promote regular use among both black and white men will likely be needed...

..We describe circumstances in which confounding from these sources can be dealt with satisfactorily by means of restriction or adjustment, and other circumstances in which it cannot...

..To assess trends in the initial care of nonmetastatic prostate cancer, including the use of primary and adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), using population-based treatment claims from 1991 to 1999...

..Ecologic analyses of the effectiveness of PSA testing should be interpreted with caution...

..0% (under different survival for obese and nonobese cases) in 2002. We conclude that increasing obesity prevalence since 1980 has partially obscured declines in prostate cancer mortality...

..We apply all three algorithms to aggregate the results of five microarray studies of prostate cancer...

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..Several polymorphisms within the IGF-I and IGFBP-3 coding regions have been associated with increased serum protein levels...

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..05) was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Our data have shown that ERbeta is expressed in CaP metastases, validating the initiation of studies to evaluate selective ER modulators for treatment of advanced CaP...

..01). CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal cancer screening can substantially reduce prediagnosis evaluation costs. These savings are of interest to health plans and should be factored into cost-effectiveness evaluations of screening programs...

..The latter application shows that with a combined statistical/bioinformatics analyses, we are able to extract gene-to-gene relationships supported by the literature as well as new plausible relationships...

..These results indicate that loss of SCD expression is a frequent event in prostate adenocarcinoma, and further supports a role for altered lipid metabolism as a factor in the process of carcinogenesis...

..A better understanding of patient factors such as socioeconomic status, depression, anxiety and transportation issues may improve adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation...

..The final model will be made available to investigators through a dedicated website which will allow users to run the model with their own settings for key cost and efficacy parameters. ..

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..The proposed research aims to improve how these guidelines are produced by providing policy makers with a computerized decision support tool that will quantify the benefit-harm tradeoffs associated with candidate guidelines. ..