Research Topics
Genomes and Genes | Claudio AnasettiSummaryAffiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Country: USA Publications
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Publications
Trends in transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells from unrelated donorsC Anasetti
Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Curr Opin Hematol 8:337-41. 2001..Improved methods for transplantation may provide the opportunity to further decrease treatment-related toxicity and improve survival...
Advances in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation: improved matching and use of blood stem cellsClaudio Anasetti
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Haematologica 87:1-3. 2002
Evaluation of a CD25-specific immunotoxin for prevention of graft-versus-host disease after unrelated marrow transplantationPaul J Martin
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109 1024, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 10:552-60. 2004....
Reduced incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease with the addition of thymoglobulin to a targeted busulfan/cyclophosphamide regimenH Joachim Deeg
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109 1024, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12:573-84. 2006....
A phase I/II study of mycophenolate mofetil in combination with cyclosporine for prophylaxis of acute graft-versus-host disease after myeloablative conditioning and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantationRichard A Nash
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109 1024, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 11:495-505. 2005..Although a significant improvement in the prevention of GVHD was not suggested, compared with CSP and MTX, MMF in combination with CSP could be considered in cases in which MTX is contraindicated...
Longitudinal assessment of morbidity and acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: retrospective analysis of a multicenter phase III studyFabrizio Carnevale-Schianca
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 1024, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 15:749-56. 2009..The difficulty of demonstrating clinical benefits from objective parameters, such as survival and morbidity, and the subjectivity of grading acute GVHD emphasize the need for blinded assessments in clinical trials of GVHD prevention...
Increasingly frequent diagnosis of acute gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantationPaul J Martin
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 10:320-7. 2004..A high diagnostic sensitivity and increased awareness that gut GVHD can occur without skin involvement account for the increased incidence of acute GVHD at our center...
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for myelofibrosisH Joachim Deeg
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, D1 100, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109 1024, USA
Blood 102:3912-8. 2003..Results with unrelated donors were comparable with those with HLA-identical sibling transplants. Thus, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation offers long-term relapse-free survival for patients with myelofibrosis...
Duration of immunosuppressive treatment for chronic graft-versus-host diseaseBetty L Stewart
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
Blood 104:3501-6. 2004..After the dose of prednisone was taken into account, progressive onset was not associated with an increased risk of nonrelapse mortality...
Limits of HLA mismatching in unrelated hematopoietic cell transplantationEffie W Petersdorf
Division of Clinical Research, D4 100 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
Blood 104:2976-80. 2004..Whenever possible, HLA-C mismatches should be avoided for patients with early stage CML, and HLA-DQB1 mismatches should be avoided for patients with multiple mismatches...
HLA-C antigen mismatch is associated with worse outcome in unrelated donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantationAnn Woolfrey
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 17:885-92. 2011..HLA-C antigen-mismatched unrelated PBSC donors were associated with worse outcomes compared with 8/8 HLA-matched donors. The study's limited power due to small sample size precludes conclusions about other mismatches...
Antigen-dependent suppression of alloresponses by Foxp3-induced regulatory T cells in transplantationMichael H Albert
Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
Eur J Immunol 35:2598-607. 2005....
Alloantigen affinity and CD4 help determine severity of graft-versus-host disease mediated by CD8 donor T cellsXue Zhong Yu
Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
J Immunol 176:3383-90. 2006..These findings underscore that alloantigen affinity and CD4 help control the fate and pathogenicity of alloreactive CD8+ T cells in vivo...
Curative therapy of advanced essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera by hemopoietic stem cell transplantationUwe Platzbecker
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
Leuk Lymphoma 43:1409-14. 2002..With a median follow-up of 41 (range 5-116) months after transplant, survival at 3 years is 64%. These data provide evidence that HSCT can be a curative treatment for patients with advanced PV and ET...
Prevention of lethal acute GVHD with an agonistic CD28 antibody and rapamycinMichael H Albert
Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
Blood 105:1355-61. 2005..Administration of rapamycin plus agonistic CD28 antibodies offers a promising new therapeutic approach to facilitate tolerance after HCT...
Risk factors for acute graft-versus-host disease after human leukocyte antigen-identical sibling transplants for adults with leukemiaTheresa Hahn
Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
J Clin Oncol 26:5728-34. 2008..No large registry studies of acute GVHD risk factors have been reported in two decades. Risk factors may have changed in this interval as transplant-related techniques have evolved...
CD28 ligation induces transplantation tolerance by IFN-gamma-dependent depletion of T cells that recognize alloantigensXue Zhong Yu
Human Immunogenetics Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
J Clin Invest 113:1624-30. 2004..This study demonstrates that agonistic Ab's specific for the CD28 costimulatory molecule may be used as novel therapeutic agents to abrogate pathogenic T cell responses by selective depletion of activated T cells...
High-resolution donor-recipient HLA matching contributes to the success of unrelated donor marrow transplantationStephanie J Lee
Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
Blood 110:4576-83. 2007..High-resolution DNA matching for HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 alleles is associated with higher rates of survival...
HLA-matched unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning for patients with hematologic malignanciesMichael B Maris
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, D1 100, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109 1024
Blood 102:2021-30. 2003..G-PBMCs conferred higher donor T-cell chimerism, greater durable engraftment, and better progression-free and overall survivals compared with marrow...
A phase II multicenter study of visilizumab, humanized anti-CD3 antibody, to treat steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host diseasePaul A Carpenter
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Mailstop D5 290, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 11:465-71. 2005..Survival at 180 days was 32% (95% confidence interval, 18%-46%). The administration of visilizumab as used in this study seems to be sufficiently safe and effective to warrant further assessment for treatment or prevention of GVHD...
Lck is required for activation-induced T cell death after TCR ligation with partial agonistsXue Zhong Yu
Human Immunogenetics Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
J Immunol 172:1437-43. 2004..Our data indicate that a selective and distinct TCR signaling pattern is required for AICD by TCR partial agonist ligands...
Cyclophosphamide metabolism, liver toxicity, and mortality following hematopoietic stem cell transplantationGeorge B McDonald
Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of Washington Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
Blood 101:2043-8. 2003..Increased exposure to toxic metabolites of cyclophosphamide leads to increased liver toxicity and nonrelapse mortality and lower overall survival after hematopoietic cell transplantation...
Conditioning with targeted busulfan and cyclophosphamide for hemopoietic stem cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors in patients with myelodysplastic syndromeH Joachim Deeg
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
Blood 100:1201-7. 2002..Although there was still considerable nonrelapse morbidity and mortality, the present regimen was used successfully even in patients older than 60 years of age...
A limited sampling schedule to estimate individual pharmacokinetic parameters of fludarabine in hematopoietic cell transplant patientsDavid H Salinger
Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 7630, USA
Clin Cancer Res 15:5280-7. 2009..To this end, we sought to create the first F-ara-A population pharmacokinetic model and subsequently a LSS...
National Marrow Donor Program HLA-matching guidelines for unrelated marrow transplantsCarolyn Katovich Hurley
Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 9:610-5. 2003
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: do they have a role in immune responses after hematopoietic cell transplantation?Marco Rossi
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Hum Immunol 63:1194-200. 2002..In this paper, we review circumstantial evidence that immature plasmacytoid DC might affect immune responses after transplantation of hematopoietic cells from allogeneic donors...
CD28 signal enhances apoptosis of CD8 T cells after strong TCR ligationXue Zhong Yu
Human Immunogenetics Program, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
J Immunol 170:3002-6. 2003..These results indicate that the CD28 signal can down-regulate peripheral T cell responses by increasing apoptosis when TCR ligation exceeds a critical threshold...
Time to consider HPV vaccination after allogeneic stem cell transplantationSara K Tedeschi
Long Term Follow up Transplant Clinic LTTC, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Section, Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 5505, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 16:1033-6. 2010..It is time to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy in preventing HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma in this population...
Therapy for chronic graft-versus-host disease: a randomized trial comparing cyclosporine plus prednisone versus prednisone aloneSibel Koc
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
Blood 100:48-51. 2002....
"Superhumanized" antibodies: reduction of immunogenic potential by complementarity-determining region grafting with human germline sequences: application to an anti-CD28Philip Tan
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
J Immunol 169:1119-25. 2002..Humanized 9.3 blocked ligation of CD28-Ig to cells expressing the CD28 receptor CD80. Lastly, the humanized 9.3 showed biological activity as an immunosuppressant by inhibiting a MLR...
Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network State of the Science Symposium 2007James L M Ferrara
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 13:1268-85. 2007..This report summarizes the symposium's discussions and identifies eleven high priority clinical trials that the network plans to pursue over the course of the next several years...
Beta2 integrins separate graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia effectsYaming Liang
H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
Blood 111:954-62. 2008..Our data suggest that strategies to target beta2 integrin have clinical potential to alleviate or prevent GVHD while sparing GVL activity...
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for advanced myelodysplastic syndrome after conditioning with busulfan and fractionated total body irradiation is associated with low relapse rate but considerable nonrelapse mortalityManuel Jurado
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 8:161-9. 2002..Future trials should explore the efficacy and tolerability of reduced-intensity conditioning regimens...
Hematopoietic cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an evolving conceptMohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 13:373-85. 2007..Treatment of CLL should consider stratification according to modern prognostic markers...
Psoralen and ultraviolet A irradiation (PUVA) as therapy for steroid-resistant cutaneous acute graft-versus-host diseaseTerry Furlong
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98109 1024, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 8:206-12. 2002..Fifty-three patients (51%) remain alive at 129-1883 days after transplantation. These results suggest that PUVA can be an effective therapy for steroid-resistant acute GVHD of the skin...
Peripheral blood grafts from unrelated donors are associated with increased acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease without improved survivalMary Eapen
Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 13:1461-8. 2007..The higher rate of cGVHD after PBSC transplants and, consequently, more frequent late adverse events warrant extended follow up of PBSC recipients...
State of the art review: HLA matching and outcome of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplantsNaynesh Kamani
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 14:1-6. 2008
To ablate or not to ablate? HSCs in the T cell driver's seatClaudio Anasetti
H Lee Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
J Clin Invest 117:306-10. 2007..We discuss their results in light of the evolving field and their implications for advancing cell-based immunotherapies for cancer...
Classification of HLA-matching for retrospective analysis of unrelated donor transplantation: revised definitions to predict survivalDaniel Weisdorf
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 14:748-58. 2008..This improved categorization of HLA matching status allows adjustment for donor-recipient HLA compatibility, and can standardize interpretations of prior URD HCT experience...
Chemotherapy or allografting for young adults with high-risk ALL?Claudio Anasetti
Blood 111:5755; author reply 5755. 2008
CD28 controls differentiation of regulatory T cells from naive CD4 T cellsFei Guo
Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation Programs, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
J Immunol 181:2285-91. 2008..Our study reveals a new aspect of CD28 function in regulating T cell response...
A humanized non-FcR-binding anti-CD3 antibody, visilizumab, for treatment of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host diseasePaul A Carpenter
Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
Blood 99:2712-9. 2002..Visilizumab is well tolerated and has activity in advanced GVHD. A phase 2 study incorporating preemptive therapy for PTLD is warranted to determine the efficacy of visilizumab in GVHD...
Factors associated with outcome after unrelated marrow transplantation for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childrenAnn E Woolfrey
Pediatric Transplantation, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 1024, USA
Blood 99:2002-8. 2002..Outcome was particularly favorable in younger patients with early phases of the disease...
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia: comparative analysis of unrelated versus matched sibling donor transplantationDaniel J Weisdorf
University of Minnesota Mayo Mail Code 480, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Blood 99:1971-7. 2002..Improvements in URD and MSD transplantation are still needed, and results of newer, nontransplantation therapies should be evaluated against the established curative potential of URD and MSD marrow transplantation...
The effect of KIR ligand incompatibility on the outcome of unrelated donor transplantation: a report from the center for international blood and marrow transplant research, the European blood and marrow transplant registry, and the Dutch registrySherif S Farag
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12:876-84. 2006..There were no differences in leukemia recurrence between the 4 groups. These results do not support the choice of an unrelated donor on the basis of KIR ligand mismatch determined from HLA typing...
Opposing effects of ICOS on graft-versus-host disease mediated by CD4 and CD8 T cellsXue Zhong Yu
Immunology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation Programs, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
J Immunol 176:7394-401. 2006..Our findings indicate that ICOS has paradoxical effects on the regulation of alloreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in GVHD...
A decision analysis of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for the myelodysplastic syndromes: delayed transplantation for low-risk myelodysplasia is associated with improved outcomeCorey S Cutler
International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, PO Box 26509, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Blood 104:579-85. 2004..For low- and intermediate-1-risk MDS, delayed BMT is associated with maximal life expectancy, whereas immediate transplantation for intermediate-2- and high-risk disease is associated with maximal life expectancy...
Impact of HLA class I and class II high-resolution matching on outcomes of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation: HLA-C mismatching is associated with a strong adverse effect on transplantation outcomeNeal Flomenberg
Department of Medicine and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
Blood 104:1923-30. 2004..When clinical circumstances allow, high-resolution class I typing may help optimize donor selection and improve outcome...
Advances in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantationClaudio Anasetti
Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Division of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Transplantation 77:S79-83. 2004..Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the primary challenges to successful HCT. GVHD, its clinical impact and traditional prophylactic therapies, as well as recent advances in GVHD prevention, are discussed...
Role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity and tolerance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantationMario Arpinati
Centro di Ricerca sull Immunologia dei Trapianti, Istituto di Ematologia e Oncologia Medica Seragnoli, Universita di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, Bologna 40138, Italy
Transpl Immunol 11:345-56. 2003..The authors will review all the evidence currently available from reports exploring the role of pDC in clinical allogeneic HSCT...
Conditioning with fludarabine and targeted busulfan for transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cellsMartin Bornhauser
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitatsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
Blood 102:820-6. 2003..Based on these encouraging results, further studies of fludarabine and targeted busulfan are warranted in standard-risk patients...
Advances in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantationClaudio Anasetti
Haematologica 88:246-9. 2003
Selection of unrelated donors for hematopoietic cell transplantationTeresa Field
Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, The University of South Florida, 12901 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
Curr Hematol Rep 4:270-5. 2005....
Unrelated donor marrow transplantation for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia after using myeloablative conditioning: results from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant researchSteven Z Pavletic
Graft versus Host and Autoimmunity Unit, Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room CRC 3 3330, Bethesda, MD 20892 1907, USA
J Clin Oncol 23:5788-94. 2005..To determine the role of myeloablative conditioning and unrelated donor (URD) bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of patients with advanced B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)...
Low-dose total body irradiation (TBI) and fludarabine followed by hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from HLA-matched or mismatched unrelated donors and postgrafting immunosuppression with cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) can induce duraDietger Niederwieser
Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Leipzig, Germany
Blood 101:1620-9. 2003..HCT from HLA-matched or mismatched unrelated donors can be performed with a reduced intensity conditioning regimen in patients ineligible for conventional HCT...
Memory stem cells sustain diseaseXue-Zhong Yu
Nat Med 11:1282-3. 2005
Are matched unrelated donor transplants justified for AML in CR1?Claudio Anasetti
University of South Florida H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 19:321-8. 2006..AML patients in first remission with unfavorable cytogenetics without a matched family donor should be offered an unrelated donor transplant...
Development of daptomycin resistance in a bone marrow transplant patient with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus duransMyke R Green
Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
J Oncol Pharm Pract 12:179-81. 2006..We describe an allogeneic bone marrow transplant patient, who was found to have vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus durans bacteremia, which subsequently developed resistance to daptomycin...
Evaluation of the functional assessment of cancer therapy cognitive scale with hematopoietic stem cell transplant patientsSheri R Jacobs
University of South Florida and H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
J Pain Symptom Manage 33:13-23. 2007..However, the FACT-Cog assesses broader aspects of cognitive complaints, thereby providing greater information about the types of cognitive complaints patients are experiencing...
ASBMT committee report: white paper on measurement of quality outcomesRoy B Jones
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12:594-7. 2006
Sympathectomy protects denervated skin from graft-versus-host diseaseMohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 13:369-70. 2007
T regulatory cells as an immunotherapy for transplantationMichael H Albert
Dr von Haunersches Kinderspital, University of Munich, Germany
Expert Opin Biol Ther 6:315-24. 2006..This review will focus on recent advances achieved in the field of transplantation tolerance using naturally occurring Tregs (CD4+CD25+), as well as other Tregs, and will discuss future applications of these cells in immunotherapy...
Acquired tolerance to renal allografts in humansClaudio Anasetti
Am J Transplant 3:243-4. 2003
The 2006 BBMT Education SupplementClaudio Anasetti
Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12:1. 2006
Bone marrow stroma confers resistance to Apo2 ligand/TRAIL in multiple myeloma in part by regulating c-FLIPLia Elena Perez
Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
J Immunol 180:1545-55. 2008..In conclusion, the immune cytotoxic effect of Apo2L/TRAIL can be restored at least in part by c-FLIP pathway inhibitors...
