J A Karlowsky

..Future studies will determine how linezolid clinical use in Canada affects its in vitro activity...

..4% of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (683 of 6560) were resistant to nitrofurantoin. An association between resistance to fluoroquinolones and nitrofurantoin in E. coli has not been previously reported and warrants further study...

..8 to 17.0%) from 1995 to 2001 but demonstrated considerable regional and institutional variation in 2001. Therapies other than SXT may need to be considered in some locations...

..In summary, ceftriaxone has retained its potent activity against the most commonly encountered Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogens despite widespread and ongoing clinical use for more than 15 years...

..Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA following SmaI digestion demonstrated identical patterns for each of the nine isolates, suggesting intra- and interhospital dissemination of a BLNAR clone...

..1% of the results for E. aerogenes isolates and 6.0% of the results for E. cloacae isolates tested with the Vitek system...

..However, a significant regional variation in S. pneumoniae susceptibilities was observed, as was a decrease in beta-lactamase rates among H. influenzae from the 1999-2000 to 2000-2001 respiratory seasons...

..pneumoniae were susceptible to levofloxacin. If fluoroquinolones become a treatment option for pediatric patients, careful monitoring of fluoroquinolone susceptibilities will be increasingly important in future surveillance studies...

..The potent in vitro activity of cefditoren against a recent US collection of pneumococci as demonstrated in this study supports its continued development for oral empiric therapy in outpatients with respiratory tract infections...

..5 and 1 microg/mL inhibited 93.1 and 100% of M. catarrhalis isolates, respectively. We conclude that cefditoren is highly active in vitro against beta-lactamase-positive H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis...

..TRUST centralized in vitro and electronic (TSN) surveillance methods provided an effective strategy for monitoring trends in resistance...

..53), and azithromycin (R2=0.41). Patient age, specimen source, and penicillin resistance were factors associated with antimicrobial resistance, particularly for nonfluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents...

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..aeruginosa and A. baumannii were constant or decreased only marginally (</=3%) from 1998 to 2001. Greater decreases in susceptibility rates were, however, observed for fluoroquinolones and ceftazidime among P. aeruginosa isolates...

..As resistance among uropathogens reaches clinically significant levels in many areas, continued regional surveillance is essential to ensure the provision of effective empiric therapy for urinary tract infections...

..This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance in S. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously...

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..Despite variations in beta-lactamase production between different countries, > 99% of all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and azithromycin...

..To assess the activities of levofloxacin and the comparator agents erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and doxycycline against atypical respiratory pathogens...

..Pneumoniae...

..To assess the current (2001) activity of respiratory fluoroquinolones and comparator agents against respiratory pathogens isolated in European countries...

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..03 microg/ml) were the most active agents tested against M. catarrhalis. The results of this study may serve as a baseline for future studies to monitor antimicrobial susceptibilities among respiratory pathogens in Thailand...

..2% in the West South Central region. Given the current prevalence of multidrug resistance among urinary tract isolates of E. coli in the United States (7.1%), continued local, regional, and national surveillance is warranted...

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..Given the higher rates of macrolide resistance reported in other countries and the seriousness of invasive infections, continued antimicrobial surveillance of S. pyogenes in the United States would be prudent...

..It is clear that antibiotic resistance surveillance systems will continue to provide valuable data to health care providers, university researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and government and regulatory agencies...

..anthracis isolates. Ceftriaxone demonstrated lower-level in vitro activity compared to penicillin-related compounds against B. anthracis. In vitro data from this study are in keeping with available guidelines...

..Multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance to three or more antimicrobial agents) accounted for 24.9% of all isolates. The MDR rate was highest in isolates from patients in nursing homes (29.9%) and ICU (29.5%)...

..3% were resistant. Overall, the new M100-S12 ceftriaxone and cefotaxime interpretative breakpoints for nonmeningeal isolates of S. pneumoniae decreased the number of isolates interpreted as intermediate by 10% and as resistant by 3 to 4%...

..Ongoing surveillance of P. aeruginosa is essential...

..influenzae strains, respectively; and 0.12 and 0.5 microg/ml for beta-lactamase-negative and -positive M. catarrhalis strains, respectively. Faropenem holds promise as an oral therapy for community-acquired respiratory tract infections...

..The present study demonstrated that established parenteral expanded-spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobial agents retain significant in vitro activity against many clinically important gram-negative pathogens...

..BB-83698 is a peptide deformylase inhibitor currently in clinical trials in Europe. The purpose of this study was to provide additional susceptibility data from clinical isolates, including drug-resistant strains...

..3%-0.7%) and in Asia (3.0-3.2%), but little or no change was seen in Mexico (3.8%-0%) or Brazil or South Africa, where no levofloxacin resistant isolates were detected in either study period...

..In summary, antimicrobial susceptibilities and the prevalence of beta-lactamase production in H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis in the United States has remained essentially unchanged from 1997-1998 to 1999...

..4%; P < 0.001), and levofloxacin (0.3%; P = 0.017). Resistance to ceftriaxone (0.1%; P = 0.809) and moxifloxacin (0.03%; P = 0.570) decreased. Concurrently, multidrug resistance increased (P < 0.001) from 6.3% to 11.3%...

..Future studies to characterise resistant isolates by other molecular methods may ensure that the appropriate counter-measures can be taken to control the spread of resistant isolates...

..aureus or S. pneumoniae was detected for the two NFQs. On the basis of their in vitro activities, these NFQ agents show potential for the treatment of infections caused by isolates resistant to currently available fluoroquinolones...

..For P. aeruginosa piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, imipenem and ceftazidime were the most active compounds tested irrespective of region. Surveillance data should be considered when selecting empirical therapy for treating SSTI...

..Increases in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae have been documented worldwide...

..Ongoing surveillance of Enterobacteriaceae will be particularly important to monitor changes in fluoroquinolone susceptibility, as well as changes in the prevalence of isolates resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobial agents...

..Combination antimicrobial therapy is often necessary to eradicate infections caused by gram-negative bacteria...

..Whether such isolates have increased in prevalence over time remains unknown...

..This study may serve as a baseline to monitor future changes in the susceptibility of gram-positive species to daptomycin following its introduction into clinical use...

..By virtue of information technology, large volumes of data can readily be managed and stored to allow timely and thorough analysis on institutional, regional, national, and global levels...

..The results of this study provide a benchmark of the activity of daptomycin against contemporary European isolates and will serve as a baseline to monitor future changes in the susceptibility of these organisms to daptomycin...

..0%) or nitrofurantoin (4.0%) was less common. Only 10.8% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin alone. Fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates of E. coli from urine were frequently multidrug resistant...

..Antimicrobial-susceptible isolates demonstrated limited genetic relatedness, whereas 2 epidemiologic clusters containing a total of 40 isolates (57.1%) were identified among the multidrug-resistant isolates...

..aeruginosa than meropenem. Clinical trials are required to establish the efficacy and safety of doripenem in moderate to severe infections, including nosocomial infections...

..Piperacillin-tazobactam has an excellent safety and tolerability profile and continues to be a reliable option for the empiric treatment of moderate-to-severe infections in hospitalized patients...

..Increased genetic homogeneity among the isolates from 2003 to 2005 (cluster analysis; P < 0.001) appeared to be due to expansion of existing clonal groups and to introduction of new PFGE types...

..aeruginosa, H. influenzae, Enterococcus spp., S. pneumoniae, and K. pneumoniae are the most common isolates recovered from clinical specimens in Canadian ICUs. A MDR phenotype is common for P. aeruginosa isolates in Canadian ICUs...

..aeruginosa), respectively...

..This study reports higher rates of antibiotic resistance in US versus Canadian outpatient urinary isolates of E. coli and demonstrates the continuing evolution of resistance to antimicrobial agents...

..e., nausea, vomiting and diarrhea) the most commonly reported. Tigecycline is a promising new broad-spectrum parenteral monotherapy for the treatment of patients with Gram-positive and -negative bacterial infections...

..6%) and M. catarrhalis (86.2%-96.8%) also varied by region. Notable variation in regional antimicrobial resistance rates (S. pneumoniae) and beta-lactamase production (H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis) exists throughout the United States...

..Overall, doripenem demonstrated in vitro activity similar to that of meropenem against gram-negative pathogens and to that of imipenem against gram-positive pathogens...

..Further clinical studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of ceftobiprole and to define its role in patient care...

..Increases in antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli have been paralleled by an increasing incidence of E. coli sepsis, suggesting a possible link between resistance and virulence...

..In the meantime, appropriate antibiotic selection and optimal dosing strategies should aim to eradicate the causative pathogen before a resistant efflux mutant can emerge...

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..We describe a case of PLA caused by the hypermucoviscous, K1 capsular serotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Canadian man and highlight the unique features of this increasingly common cause of liver abscess...

..Both telavancin and dalbavancin show promise as alternative treatments for patients with serious infections caused by resistant Gram-positive pathogens...