E C Westman

..Low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets (LCKD) are effective for weight loss, but concerns remain regarding cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an LCKD program on serum lipoprotein subclasses...

..It is reasonable for family practitioners to turn this observation into a recommendation for patients for weight control and other health problems...

..In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a diet lower in carbohydrate would lead to greater improvement in glycemic control over a 24-week period in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus...

..After a review of the literature, possible reasons for this include the metabolic consequences from the elimination of gluten from the diet, and the modulation of the disease of schizophrenia at the cellular level...

..In this commentary we argue that carbohydrate-restriction should be reincorporated into contemporary treatment studies for diabetes mellitus...

..Further research to clarify appropriate dosages and optimal beverages for mixture, and controlled trials to assess safety and efficacy, appear in order...

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..This review summarizes the physiology and recent clinical studies regarding this type of diet...

..A reconsideration of the role of the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for the treatment of diabetes mellitus is in order...

..A very low carbohydrate diet program led to sustained weight loss during a 6-month period. Further controlled research is warranted...

..Moreover, the orthostatic decrease in blood pressure caused by mecamylamine was offset by nicotine. Mecamylamine before smoking cessation may be an effective adjunct to nicotine patch therapy...

..These data support the hypothesis that replacement of the sensory cues of smoking with "airway sensory replacement" may be useful for smoking cessation...

..Thus, addressing smokers' needs for both for the sensorimotor aspects of smoking as well as for the direct CNS effects of nicotine may be critical in enhancing smoking cessation treatment outcome...

..The role of endogenous opiate systems in cigarette smoking remains unclear. In laboratory animals, opiate antagonists block many of the effects of nicotine, but in humans they do not consistently alter smoking behavior...

..During active weight loss, serum triglyceride levels decreased more and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level increased more with the low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-fat diet...

..These results have significant implications for theories of addiction to nicotine as well as other drugs such as cocaine that may be subject to binding by lung tissue...

..To examine the effects of low-carbohydrate, ketogenic (LCKD) and low-fat (LFD) diets on acid-base status...

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..Despite established links between nicotine dependence and depression, little research has examined the effects of nicotine on depression symptoms...

..We hypothesized that smoking in the presence of continuous levels of nicotine would attenuate the reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking and lead to a decline in dependence on inhaled nicotine, thus facilitating cessation...

..Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed...

..Nicotine and non-nicotine components of cigarette smoke contribute to its reinforcing effects; however, the specific role of each component in maintaining behavior has not yet been elucidated...

..Two potent weight loss therapies, a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (LCKD) and orlistat therapy combined with a low-fat diet (O + LFD), are available to the public but, to our knowledge, have never been compared...

..This review synthesizes important clinical and physiologic studies on CRDs published between January 2007 and May 2009...

..To compare the effects of two diets on health-related quality of life (HRQOL)...

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..The effects of acute nicotine administration and smoking on brain function were investigated in two studies, with the primary goal of identifying neural systems that mediate these effects...

..Furthermore, most studies have not adequately considered comorbid illness. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and HRQOL in male outpatients while considering comorbid illness...

..v. nicotine and denicotinized smoke approximated the effects of the usual brand. The results of this study underscore the importance of both sensorimotor aspects of smoking and the pharmacologic effects of nicotine in tobacco dependence...

..Thus, animal models of nicotine dependence may need to be employed in conjunction with self-administration procedures in order to duplicate the effects of mecamylamine observed in studies of human smokers...

..Severe obesity has been associated with disordered eating, impaired quality of life (QoL), and decreased physical activity. This study examines changes in these variables 6 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP)...

..The results of this preliminary study suggest that controlled deep breathing may be useful for relieving symptoms of smoking withdrawal...

..The implications of these findings for smoking cessation treatment and for future research are discussed...

..To investigate the effects of weight loss diets on mood, food cravings, and other self-reported symptoms...

..Trials that control for all of the confounders mentioned above and that contain objective endpoints are needed to further investigate these issues...

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..02) inflammatory grade (P=.02), and fibrosis (P=.07). Six months of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet led to significant weight loss and histologic improvement of fatty liver disease. Further research is into this approach is warranted...

..The NSSQ-Total score decreased by 18% from 161.9 to 133.5 (p = 0.0019) over 8 weeks. Patients with narcolepsy experienced modest improvements in daytime sleepiness on an LCKD...

..Four days of residential smoking therapy successfully relieved smoking withdrawal. At 6 months after discharge, participants maintained an abstinence rate comparable to other medical therapies for smoking...

..The monitored use of the combination of these medicines by trained practitioners is justifiable...

..The purpose of this study was to compare body weight (BW) for participants in a clinical weight management program, consuming a LC or LF weight maintenance diet for 6 months following weight loss...

..Patients should be counseled on the potential adverse effects of treatment and proper administration techniques in order to minimize these effects...

..We believe that very-low-carbohydrate diets merit further study for weight loss, and that criticisms of these diets lack scientific evidence...

..We also sought to determine whether smoking abstinence rates differed among various smoking-cessation products...

..5% (P=0.022). Mean GSAS-ds score decreased from 1.28 to 0.72 (P=0.0004). These data suggest that a very low-carbohydrate diet in obese individuals with GERD significantly reduces distal esophageal acid exposure and improves symptoms...