Steven D Crowley

..Thus, the regulation of blood pressure by the RAS is mediated by AT(1) receptors both within and outside the kidney...

..Further, they suggest that the major mechanism of action of RAS inhibitors in hypertension is attenuation of angiotensin II effects in the kidney...

..However, the nature and relative contributions of these actions may differ in hypertension...

..This phenomenon suggests the need to consider the impact of upper extremity access placement on blood flow to the left internal mammary artery in patients who previously have undergone placement of a coronary artery bypass graft...

..These studies provide insight into precise mechanisms through which AT(1) receptor blockade influences the progression of hypertensive kidney disease...

..Thus, the absence of lymphocyte activity protects from hypertension by allowing blood pressure-induced sodium excretion, possibly via stimulation of eNOS- and COX-2-dependent pathways...

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..These findings, together with previous experiments, confirm the kidney's critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and its complications...

..Residents benefited from questions previously searched by other residents, allowing them to address a wider spectrum of CQs during ward rotations...

..These proinflammatory actions of ANG II seem to have a proclivity for inducing kidney injury while having negligible actions in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy...

..Since AT1A-deficient lpr mice had low blood pressure, these findings suggest that activation of type 1 angiotensin receptors in the glomerulus is sufficient to accelerate renal injury and inflammation in the absence of hypertension...

..This genome-wide assessment should facilitate identification of critical distal pathways linked to blood pressure regulation...

..However, recent studies have suggested that individual tissue pools of AT(1) receptors may have divergent effects on target organ damage in hypertension...

..These findings, with previous experiments, clearly establish the critical role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of hypertension and its cardiovascular complications...

..Further characterization of the diverse interactions between the RAS and other signaling pathways within specific tissues should lead to novel treatments for renal and cardiovascular disease...

..In this review, we discuss these major effector pathways, focusing on their role in the pathogenesis of allograft rejection...

..Thus, Rho GTPases acting through Rho kinase play a unique role in T cell activation during cellular immune responses by promoting structural rearrangements that are critical for T cell signaling...

..Future studies should illustrate how these discrepant functions of AT(1) receptors in target organs versus mononuclear cells can be exploited for the benefit of patients with recalcitrant hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases...

..Recent observations, including the report by Yano and colleagues, also suggest that prehypertension is an important risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease...