M R Karagas

..Use of phenacetin and other analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) potentially influences bladder cancer incidence, but epidemiologic evidence is limited...

..Findings suggest that cumulative, but not intermittent, measures of sun exposure derived from a personal interview appear to reflect a person's exposure history based on histologic evidence...

..To examine the effects of lower levels of arsenic exposure on bladder cancer incidence, we conducted a case-control study in New Hampshire, USA where levels above 10 micro/l are commonly found in private wells...

..It is also not known whether subgroups of individuals are at greater risk, eg, those with radiation sensitivity or high ultraviolet radiation exposure...

..g., <5 live births) (pOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.75). The results are compatible with an effect of reproductive history-related factors on melanoma risk, but also could reflect differences in other factors, such as sun exposure history...

..To investigate the association between genus beta human papillomaviruses and the incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancer in the general population...

..Lastly, our data suggest that use of a biologic marker along with alternative statistical approaches may aid detection of the levels at which arsenic may affect cancer occurrence in the US...

..In aggregate, our findings do not suggest a major role of oral contraceptive use on women's risk of melanoma...

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..08 (p = 0.31) among those with concentrations below 1 microg/liter (overall r = 0.46, p < 0.001). Our data suggest that toenail samples provide a useful biologic marker for quantifying low-level arsenic exposure...

..Studies of BCC and SCC occurrence are needed to identify possible behavioral and environmental factors and to assess possible changes in diagnostic practices that might account for the rise in incidence of these common malignancies...

..Based on our projected sample size, we expect at least 80% power to detect a 2-fold risk of basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer or bladder cancer among individuals with the highest 5% toenail concentrations of arsenic...

..Our data suggest that biologic markers may provide reliable estimates of internal dose of low level arsenic exposure that can be used to assess cancer risk...

..We hypothesize that immunosuppression induced by oral glucocorticoids may allow these cancers to emerge from immunosurveillance...

..The aim of our study was to identify occupations associated with increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)...

..Incidence rates of bladder cancer are notably higher in men than in women. While there is evidence that reproductive and hormonal risk factors may influence risk of bladder cancer, data are inconclusive...

..The results are applied to a study of reproductive history and cutaneous melanoma risk in women using data from ten large case-control studies...

..While arsenic is a known carcinogen, recent studies suggest that it is useful as a therapeutic agent for leukemia. This study examined the relationship between arsenic exposure and bladder cancer mortality...

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..Tea constituents, including polyphenols, are hypothesized to have chemopreventive properties, and inhibit the induction of skin cancers in animal models...

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..48, P=0.012). Multivariate models confirmed that toenail total mercury concentration was best predicted by total finfish and shellfish consumption...

..They highlight the need to further evaluate the potential risks of BCC and SCC that are associated with tanning lamp exposure and the appropriate public health response...

..Although our findings need verification in a larger study group, they are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of DNA repair capacity is a potential mechanism for the co-carcinogenic activity of arsenic...

..These results support the hypothesis that common polymorphisms in DNA repair genes modify bladder cancer risk and emphasize the need for a multifaceted statistical approach to identify gene-gene and gene-environment interactions...

..Fingernail analysis helped to identify differential exposure pathways in children and adults. Mercury and arsenic uptake via soil exposure in children warrants further consideration...

..12 for MTHFR 1298A>C). Thus, our findings do not support the presence of a main gene effect. The possibility that MTHFR polymorphism affects susceptibility to environmental exposures warrants further consideration...

..These include: APE1-Asn148Gln, XRCC1-Arg399Gln and XRCC1-Arg194Trp in the BER pathway, XPD-Gln751Lys in the NER pathway and XRCC3-Thr241Met in the DSB repair pathway...

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..8 95% CI 1.1-3.0). Variants in the detoxification gene EPHX1 experienced longer survival (HR 0.4 (95% CI 0.2-0.8). These genes can now be assessed in multiple study populations to identify and validate SNPs appropriate for clinical use...

..In light of the prevalence of hair dye use, further studies are needed that address the effects of specific colors and types of hair dyes along with the possible role of individual susceptibility...

..01). Haplotype analysis confirmed the association of the XRCC3 241. Thus, double-strand break repair genotype may enhance arsenic associated bladder cancer susceptibility in the U.S. population...

..In a large, nonselected population of patients with bladder cancer we rated all incident tumors using each system and compared long-term patient survival...

..Recent work further suggests that susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of tobacco on the bladder may differ among men and women...

..Understanding these genetic influences on increased bladder cancer susceptibility and survival may help in cancer prevention, drug development and choice of therapeutic regimen...

..In each limb, the most proximal fractures tend to have the most pronounced age-related increases in risk...

..g., p53 positive) or within certain subsets of a population (e.g., women or moderate smokers)...

..To our knowledge, this is the first time such an investigation has uncovered a strong link between genetic structure and ancestry in what would otherwise be considered a homogenous US population...

..CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that calcium supplementation may have a more pronounced antineoplastic effect on advanced colorectal lesions than on other types of polyps...

..We then demonstrate this new method by applying it to a genetic epidemiology study of bladder cancer susceptibility that was previously analyzed using MDR and assessed using a 1,000-fold permutation test...

..50 for total selenium and P for trend = 0.20 for bound selenium). Thus, our findings do not indicate a clear association between serum selenium concentrations and adenoma recurrence...

..This study evaluated the classification and stage of bladder cancers as part of a population-based epidemiological study of bladder cancer in the Northeastern United States...

..Thus, we provide an important insight into the etiology of arsenic-induced human carcinogenesis, which may be relevant to millions of people exposed to high levels of arsenic worldwide...

..Secondary analyses of data from a large randomized clinical trial have suggested that intake of the trace element selenium reduces risk of colorectal neoplasia, but epidemiologic studies have not shown a consistent protective association...

..0004). In conclusion, our findings are a first step in determining the genetic underpinnings of UV immune suppression and have identified important new genetic interactions contributing to the etiology of skin cancer...

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..These data, using the classic skin carcinogenesis model, provide new insight on the role of the XRCC1 399 polymorphism in neoplasia and may help explain the conflicting results relating this polymorphism to cancer risk at various sites...

..68, 95% CI = 1.16 to 5.29). Our data suggest that use of glucocorticoids may be a shared risk factor for certain skin cancers and lymphomas...

..01). These results from human bladder tumors, add to the body of animal and in vitro evidence that suggests bladder carcinogens play a crucial role in the induction of important epigenetic alterations...

..7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7]. These data provide evidence for a role of genetic variation in the EVER2 gene in beta-HPV infection and risk of SCC, shedding light on the link between HPVs and skin cancers...

..In aggregate, data from these studies suggest that greater height and weight gain may be risk factors for cutaneous melanoma in women...

..Given the large numbers of individuals on immunosuppressive drug therapy for inflammatory disease, these findings have important implications for NMSC screening and prevention...

..This study found a reduced risk associated with fruit and vegetable intake. No interaction was observed between fruit and vegetable consumption and DNA repair gene polymorphisms...

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..Arsenic exposure may alter the efficiency of DNA repair. UV damage is specifically repaired by nucleotide excision repair (NER), and common genetic variants in NER may increase risk for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC)...

..The common G allele of the A23G polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of BCC and SCC and this polymorphism appeared to be the determining polymorphism in XPA that alters cancer susceptibility...

..08). Thus, in our large, population-based sample, 9q22 loss, including PTCH, was highly prevalent in both BCC and SCC. Overall, these data support the hypothesis that PTCH loss is a common, early lesion for SCC and BCC...

..These results, from human bladder tumors, add to the body of animal and in vitro evidence that suggests a role in epigenetic alterations for bladder carcinogens...

..JID JOURNAL CLUB ARTICLE: For questions, answers, and open discussion about this article please go to http://network.nature.com/group/jidclub...

..These results require further confirmation...

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..Hence, EMAST likely reflects a particular pattern of somatic events that are interactive with p53 mutation, particularly common in skin cancer and limited to non-invasive disease in bladder cancer...

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