A G Rundle

..The results are consistent with prior research showing differential effects of moderate and vigorous activity and suggest a mechanism through which physical activity may influence lung cancer risk...

..To examine whether urban form is associated with body size within a densely-settled city...

..99 BMI units, 2.97 mmHg of diastolic blood pressure, and 3.96 mmHg of systolic blood pressure. This work suggests that the TWA scale has greater construct validity than the traditional PAI scale in this population...

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..To determine whether body mass index (BMI) is associated with proximity to neighborhood parks, the size of the parks, their cleanliness, and the availability of recreational facilities in the parks...

..However, the extent to which screening explains this association has not been well quantified...

..13, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.18). The authors conclude that individual sociodemographic characteristics and school-level sociodemographic composition are associated with obesity among New York City public school students...

..We discuss methodological issues in wedding high-throughput approaches for biomarker discovery with the case-control study designs typically used in biomarker discovery studies, especially focusing on nested case-control designs...

..We test whether the neighborhoods selected for NCS recruitment, are representative of the whole of Queens County, and whether there is sufficient variability across neighborhoods for meaningful studies of contextual variables...

..59), a 1.93-unit higher percentage of body fat (95% CI: 0.33, 3.54), and a relative risk of 2.26 (95% CI: 1.28, 4.00) for obesity at age 7 years. The data indicate that prenatal exposure to PAHs is associated with obesity in childhood...

..001). Neighborhood SES modifies the association between individual smoking status and PAH-DNA adduct levels in prostate tissue...

..To investigate this theory we incorporated measures of neighborhood immigrant composition into analyses of individual's body mass index (BMI) and generation of immigration and duration of residence in the U.S...

..Google Street View may allow auditing of neighborhood environments more easily and at lower cost, but little is known about the feasibility of such data collection...

..Hemodilution theory states that higher blood volume in obese men effectively dilutes circulating PSA levels resulting in lower PSA test results. Here we apply hemodilution theory to model the effect of weight gain on PSA velocity...

..Differences in the neighborhood food environment may contribute to disparities in obesity...

..Under plasma volume dilution theory, PSA levels are inversely associated with both lean and fat mass and are independent of body fat distribution patterns...

..These analyses suggest that neighborhood socioeconomic context influences how personal socioeconomic status interact in predicting boby size...

..04, p = 0.04). These results provide further evidence that body fat content influences carcinogen-DNA adduct levels, probably by altering the distribution of the lipophilic parent compound...

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..Addressing these issues should be a priority if we are to develop a molecular epidemiologic paradigm for studying physical activity...

..However, in total, of the two designs, the nested case-control study is better suited for studying biomarkers that can be influenced by analytic batch, long-term storage, and freeze-thaw cycles...

..New designs that address these issues are suggested in the paper...

..Prevalence is highest among those of Puerto Rican and lowest among those of Mexican origin. We hypothesized that body size would mediate this association...

..Prior reports suggest that obesity is inversely associated with screening prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and may reduce screening sensitivity...

..To characterize the influence of the residential neighborhood of older adults on the prevalence of disability...

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..95, 95% CI 0.84-1.07 per unit increase in GSH levels). Household and occupational activity was not associated with lung cancer risk or biomarker levels...

..Negative aspects of the physical environment were more strongly related to maternal BMI among whites than among African-Americans or Hispanics...

..Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has been proposed as a biomarker of airway inflammation for cohort studies of asthma...

..Our objective was to explore the association between prenatal exposure to permethrin (a common pyrethroid) and piperonyl butoxide (a pyrethroid synergist) and 36-month neurodevelopment...

..The field observation showed similar results. Improving aesthetic and safety conditions in poor neighborhoods may help reduce disparities in physical activity among urban residents...

..In conclusion, while PhIP-DNA adduct levels in prostate cells do not vary significantly by race, our results suggest that PhIP exposure may have stronger effects on prostate tumor differentiation in African-American men...

..Our results suggest that dietary interventions targeted at lower consumption of grilled red meats may reduce prostate cancer risk via the PhIP prostate carcinogenic pathway...

..The mix of active pesticide ingredients is changing in response to 2000-2001 regulations restricting use of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon...

..We sought to test whether the association between walkable environments and lower body mass index (BMI) was stronger within disadvantaged groups that may be particularly sensitive to environmental constraints...

..The findings underscore the complex and important role of biological susceptibility as a determinant of risk from carcinogens found in tobacco smoke and other environmental compounds...

..Future research, including validity studies, on the neighbourhood food environment, obesity during pregnancy and gestational diabetes is warranted...

..14%). We hypothesize that the higher prevalence results from a referral bias and discuss how this may influence our results...

..Contrary to our hypothesis PAH-DNA adduct levels in breast tissue were not associated with SULT1A1 genotype. Our findings are consistent with a prior report that the Arg/His polymorphism in SULT1A1 is associated with breast cancer risk...

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..Similarly, analyses of BBED and D, controlling for E, do not provide insight into the role of G. We discuss how differences in the risk estimate for BBED, with and without control for E may be interpreted...

..68 OD v.s. 0.40 OD, p = 0.01). The trend of increasing PAH-DNA adduct levels with either the Asn/Asn or Gln/Gln genotype was greater in tumor tissue than the trend in BBD control tissue...

..5). CONCLUSIONS: These results do not support the contention that gross cystic disease is a significant risk factor for breast cancer...

..Ras p21 may be useful in the early detection of breast tumors and in post-surgical follow-up of patients, giving patients and physicians new tools for managing breast cancer...

..This apparent difference in PAH metabolism in response to alcohol may be an important clue as to how alcohol influences breast cancer risk...

..002). These preliminary results suggest that a common polymorphism in a DNA repair gene can be an important biomarker of susceptibility for chemically induced genetic damage...

..No plausible mechanism has been identified by which long sleep duration could lead to diabetes...

..Short sleep duration could, therefore, be a significant risk factor for hypertension...

..Given that control for non-independence is possible when the source of the non-independence can be conceptualized, the case-only design may still be a useful epidemiological tool for examining gene-environment interactions...

..However, only one prior study has investigated the prevalence of colorectal neoplasia with colonoscopic screening in asymptomatic average-risk individuals ages 40-49 years in the United States...

..Finally, we offer some specific recommendations for future research directions in this area...

..The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of 15 weeks of aerobic exercise on lipid peroxidation, endogenous estrogens, and body composition in young, healthy eumenorrheic women...

..This research on the phsyical environment and adaption to it, will identify strategies for building and organizing communites that increase physical activity, improve diets and reduce obesity. ..

..g. gyms, parks, pleasant walking environments) and healthy diets (e.g. grocery stores, fruit markets, healthy food restaurants) across neighborhoods in New York. ..

..This research on the phsyical environment and adaption to it, will identify strategies for building and organizing communites that increase physical activity, improve diets and reduce obesity. ..

..Both projects are directed at the development of new lung cancer prevention programs that can supplement current smoking prevention and cessation programs. ..

..Furthermore, the analyses will be used to guide New York City's ongoing long term planning process for using urban design to promote public health...