Research Topics
| J MohrSummaryAffiliation: Columbia University Country: USA Publications
Research Grants
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Detail Information
Publications
Diagnosis and treatment of arteriovenous malformationsJ P Mohr
Neurological Institute, Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 13:324. 2013..A first-ever randomized clinical trial seeks to determine if invasive intervention to eradicate the lesion--and its attendant risks of complications--offers a better prognosis than awaiting a hemorrhage before undertaking such efforts...
Anticoagulation for stroke prevention: yes, no, maybeJ P Mohr
Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center, The Neurological Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
Cleve Clin J Med 71:S52-6. 2004- Report of the 15th European Stroke Conference, Brussels, May 16-19, 2006J P Mohr
Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10029, USA
Cerebrovasc Dis 22:459-60. 2006 - Report of the 16th European Stroke Conference, Glasgow, May 29 to June 1, 2007J P Mohr
Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10029, USA
Cerebrovasc Dis 24:385-6. 2007 - [Prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke: recent clinical trial results]J P Mohr
Neurological Institute New York USA
Neurologia 17:378-82. 2002..More work on these important management issues is justifiable... - A randomized trial of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (ARUBA)J P Mohr
Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center, Neurological Institute Columbia Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Acta Neurochir Suppl 103:3-4. 2008..Only insufficient information on the natural history of unbled BAVMs exists to certify that intervention is needed and that such intervention produces a better long-term functional outcome... - A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic strokeJ P Mohr
Neurological Institute, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
N Engl J Med 345:1444-51. 2001.... 
The ARUBA trial: current status, future hopesJ P Mohr
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Neurological Institute, New York, NY 10032 2603, USA
Stroke 41:e537-40. 2010..Report on the status of an on-going National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)-supported clinical trial of management of unbled brain arteriovenous malformations...- Urgent endovascular revascularization for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosisR Gupta
Department of Neurology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Neurology 61:1729-35. 2003..The results suggest that patient selection, procedure timing, and periprocedural medical management are critical factors to reduce periprocedural morbidity and mortality... - Impact of valvular thickness on stroke recurrence in medically treated patients with strokeK Okajima
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Cerebrovasc Dis 24:375-80. 2007..It remains controversial whether left-sided valvular thickening (VaT) is a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Little is known about the relationship between VaT and the recurrent adverse event rate in medically treated patients with stroke... - Race-ethnic differences in patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, and right atrial anatomy among ischemic stroke patientsCarlos J Rodriguez
Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 34:2097-102. 2003..These may be relatively more important risk factors for stroke among whites and Hispanics than among blacks... - Dysplastic vessels after surgery for brain arteriovenous malformationsC Stapf
Stroke Center, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 33:1053-6. 2002..We studied predictors and frequency of residual dysplastic vessels on cerebral angiography after AVM surgery... - Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic strokeSteven R Levine
Department of Neurology, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029 6574, USA
JAMA 291:576-84. 2004..The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) has been associated with vascular occlusive events. However, the role of aPL in predicting ischemic events, particularly recurrent ischemic stroke, is controversial... - Determinants of neurological outcome after surgery for brain arteriovenous malformationA Hartmann
New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Stroke 31:2361-4. 2000..We sought to define determinants of neurological deficit after surgery for brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM)... - Risk of endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformationsA Hartmann
Stroke Center, Neurological Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Stroke 33:1816-20. 2002..Independently assessed data on frequency, severity, and determinants of neurological deficits after endovascular treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are scarce... - Mortality and causes of death after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke StudyA Hartmann
Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
Neurology 57:2000-5. 2001..To analyze the early and long-term causes of death after first ischemic stroke in the multiethnic northern Manhattan community... - Stroke as a complication of congenital heart diseaseJi Y Chong
Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center, Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Curr Atheroscler Rep 7:263-7. 2005..There are not enough data currently to support surgical or percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale for stroke prevention... - Concurrent arterial aneurysms in brain arteriovenous malformations with haemorrhagic presentationC Stapf
Stroke Center, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10132, USA
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73:294-8. 2002..To assess the effect of concurrent arterial aneurysms on the risk of incident haemorrhage from brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)... - Factors associated with in-hospital mortality after administration of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke patients: an analysis of the nationwide inpatient sample 1999 to 2002Brian T Bateman
Columbia Presbyterian Medical College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Stroke 37:440-6. 2006..CONCLUSIONS: Thrombolysis, as it is used in the community, has a safety profile that is similar to that observed in the large, prospective clinical trials... - Epidemiology and natural history of arteriovenous malformationsC Stapf
Columbia Arteriovenous Malformation Study Project, Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
Neurosurg Focus 11:e1. 2001..Together, these data should help inform therapeutic decisionmaking... - Effect of age on clinical and morphological characteristics in patients with brain arteriovenous malformationC Stapf
Stroke Center, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 710 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 34:2664-9. 2003..The goal of this work was to determine the effect of age at initial presentation on clinical and morphological characteristics in patients with brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM)... - Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy of an occluded superior division branch of the left MCA for acute cardioembolic strokeH C Schumacher
The Neurological Institute, Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Box 131, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 26:305-8. 2003..Attracter-18 for acute occlusion of MCA branches may be considered in selected patients who fail conventional thrombolysis or are nearing closure of the therapeutic window for use of thrombolytic agents... - Effect of aspirin and warfarin therapy in stroke patients with valvular strandsShunichi Homma
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 35:1436-42. 2004..The recurrent rate of adverse events in stroke patients with valvular strands has not been defined and, importantly, there are no randomized studies to evaluate efficacy of antithrombotic therapies in these patients... - Association of infratentorial brain arteriovenous malformations with hemorrhage at initial presentationA V Khaw
Stroke Center, Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 35:660-3. 2004..The goal of this study was to analyze the association of hemorrhagic presentation with infratentorial brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)... - Age as a determinant of adverse events in medically treated cryptogenic stroke patients with patent foramen ovaleShunichi Homma
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 35:2145-9. 2004..The purpose of this retrospective analysis from PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) database was to assess the effect of age on the risk of adverse events in medically treated cryptogenic stroke patients with PFO... - Predictors of hemorrhage in patients with untreated brain arteriovenous malformationC Stapf
Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center Neurological Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Neurology 66:1350-5. 2006..Several morphologic factors associated with hemorrhagic AVM presentation have been established, but their relevance for the risk of subsequent AVM hemorrhage remains unclear... - Use of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 1999 to 2004H Christian Schumacher
Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center, Neurological Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Ann Emerg Med 50:99-107. 2007..The aim of this study is to characterize hospital and patient characteristics associated with administration of thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke patients in the United States... - Comparison of warfarin versus aspirin for the prevention of recurrent stroke or death: subgroup analyses from the Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke StudyRalph L Sacco
Columbia University and Mailman School of Public Health, Neurological Institute of the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Cerebrovasc Dis 22:4-12. 2006..Pending future clinical trial evidence to the contrary, antiplatelets are recommended for survivors of noncardioembolic stroke... - Aortic arch plaques and risk of recurrent stroke and deathMarco R Di Tullio
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
Circulation 119:2376-82. 2009..Aortic arch plaques are a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Although the stroke mechanism is conceivably thromboembolic, no randomized studies have evaluated the efficacy of antithrombotic therapies in preventing recurrent events... - Clinical and morphological determinants of focal neurological deficits in patients with unruptured brain arteriovenous malformationJ H Choi
Stroke Center, The Neurological Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
J Neurol Sci 287:126-30. 2009..The aim of this study is to determine demographic and morphological AVM characteristics associated with FNDs... - Selective brain cooling with endovascular intracarotid infusion of cold saline: a pilot feasibility studyJ H Choi
Department of Radiology, Interventional Neuroradiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31:928-34. 2010..In this clinical pilot study we investigated the feasibility, safety, and physiologic responses of short-term brain cooling with IC-CSI... - Histopathological evaluation of middle cerebral artery after percutaneous intracranial transluminal angioplastyH Christian Schumacher
Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center, Neurological Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, 710 W 168th St, Box 131, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 34:e170-3. 2003..We report an autopsy case and discuss the effects of intracranial angioplasty for atherosclerotic arteries... - Anticoagulants for prevention of ischemic stroke: current conceptsJ P Mohr
Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
Adv Neurol 92:263-70. 2003 - The New York Islands AVM Study: design, study progress, and initial resultsC Stapf
Stroke Center, The Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 710 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 34:e29-33. 2003..Prospective population-based data on the incidence of brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) hemorrhage are scarce. We studied lifetime detection rates of brain AVM and incident AVM hemorrhage in a defined population... - Free protein S deficiency: a possible association with cerebrovascular occlusionR L Sacco
Neurological Institute, New York, NY 10032
Stroke 20:1657-61. 1989..The frequency of free protein S deficiency in this group of stroke patients was far higher than the expected prevalence in the general population... - Risk of spontaneous haemorrhage after diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformationH Mast
Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Lancet 350:1065-8. 1997..We investigated the risk of subsequent symptomatic bleeding in the clinical course of AVM in patients with and without an initial haemorrhage... - The natural history of CADASIL: a pooled analysis of previously published casesD W Desmond
Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
Stroke 30:1230-3. 1999..Thus, we performed this study to investigate the phenotypic range and natural history of CADASIL... - The epidemiology of brain arteriovenous malformationsM F Berman
Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
Neurosurgery 47:389-96; discussion 397. 2000..Our objective was to critically review the original sources from which these rates were derived and to establish best estimates for both the incidence and prevalence of the disease... - Association between large aortic arch atheromas and high-intensity transient signals in elderly stroke patientsT Rundek
Neurological Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 30:2683-6. 1999..The aim of this study was to determine whether large AAs are associated with an increased frequency of high-intensity transient signals (HITS) in elderly patients with IS... - Late intra-arterial thrombolysisC Stapf
Stroke Center The Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
Eur J Med Res 5:303-6. 2000..A negative brain scan and an incomplete large hemispheric syndrome may indicate an extended time-window for intra-arterial thrombolysis... - Transcranial Doppler waveform blunting in severe extracranial carotid artery stenosisA Hartmann
Stroke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Cerebrovasc Dis 10:33-8. 2000..To investigate the frequency of transcranial Doppler (TCD) waveform blunting in patients with severe (80-99%) symptomatic or asymptomatic extracranial carotid artery stenosis... - Interhemispheric transfer of language in patients with left frontal cerebral arteriovenous malformationR M Lazar
Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, New York, USA
Neuropsychologia 38:1325-32. 2000.... - Acute bilateral arm paresisC Stapf
Stroke Unit Neurologische Klinik, Universitatsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany
Cerebrovasc Dis 10:239-43. 2000..To study pure motor bilateral arm paresis of acute onset. This syndrome is as yet a barely described clinical feature attributed to ischemia in the territory of the anterior spinal artery (ASA)... - Morbidity of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformationA Hartmann
Stroke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 29:931-4. 1998..However, morbidity of AVM hemorrhage has rarely been reported. We sought to assess the morbidity of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with cerebral AVMs... - Interrater agreement for high grade carotid artery stenosis measurement and treatment decisionC Stapf
Stroke Center The Neurological Institute, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Eur J Med Res 5:26-31. 2000..We investigated the interrater agreement for carotid artery stenosis measurements and treatment decision in a post hoc study on patients undergoing carotid surgery... - Midazolam challenge reinduces neurological deficits after transient ischemic attackRonald M Lazar
From the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Stroke 34:794-6. 2003..Having previously shown that an experimental challenge with the GABAA agonist midazolam in recovered stroke patients can reinduce the acute clinical state, we determined whether TIA patients would demonstrate a similar effect... - Microemboli in patients with vertebrobasilar ischemia: association with vertebrobasilar and cardiac lesionsH C Koennecke
Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 28:593-6. 1997.... - Surgical closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke patientsS Homma
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Stroke 28:2376-81. 1997..This report reviews our experience with cryptogenic stroke patients with PFO who underwent surgical PFO closure and were followed for recurrence of neurological events... - Cigarette smoking as a determinant of high-grade carotid artery stenosis in Hispanic, black, and white patients with stroke or transient ischemic attackH Mast
Stroke Unit, The Neurological Institute, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Stroke 29:908-12. 1998..We sought to investigate the association of cigarette smoking with high-grade carotid artery stenosis in Hispanic, black, and white patients with cerebral ischemia in two independent samples... - Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke StudyShunichi Homma
Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
Circulation 105:2625-31. 2002..Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is associated with stroke, but there are no randomized studies to evaluate the efficacy of antithrombotic therapies... - Reemergence of stroke deficits with midazolam challengeRonald M Lazar
Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Stroke 33:283-5. 2002.... - Incident hemorrhage risk of brain arteriovenous malformations located in the arterial borderzonesC Stapf
Stroke Center Neurological Institute, Departments of Interventional Neuroradiology, Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
Stroke 31:2365-8. 2000..We sought to assess the relative risk of hemorrhagic presentation of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) located in the arterial borderzone territories... - Ischemic stroke therapyC Stapf
The Neurological Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 710 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA
Annu Rev Med 53:453-75. 2002..This review summarizes currently available and recommended treatment modalities for acute ischemic stroke from an interdisciplinary perspective, including medical, neurointerventional, and neurosurgical therapies... - "Semantic" conduction aphasia from a posterior insular cortex infarctionR S Marshall
Department of Neurology, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
J Neuroimaging 6:189-91. 1996..Temporal lobe hypoperfusion seen on hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime single-photon emission computed tomography in the absence of any signs of ischemia suggested that cortical diaschisis played a role in the emergence of this syndrome... - Real-time magnetic resonance imaging for interventional neuroradiological proceduresH Christian Schumacher
Doris and Stanley Tananbaum Stroke Center, Neurological Institute, New York Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Surg Technol Int 11:183-96. 2003..This review outlines how real-time magnetic resonance procedures may replace conventional X-ray fluoroscopy in diagnostic and interventional neuroradiology during the next decade... - Contrast-induced neurotoxicity and selective cortical injuryJennifer A Frontera
Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
Cerebrovasc Dis 24:148-51. 2007 - Cerebrovascular reactivity and vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a pilot studyJ A Frontera
Division of Stroke and Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
Neurology 66:727-9. 2006..011). Abnormal CO2R preceded the onset of vasospasm in 7 of 9 patients. Abnormal standard TCD testing was not associated with vasospasm... - Aggregate analysis of the literature for unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatmentTony Lee
Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital and the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:1902-8. 2005..Neuroradiologic coiling studies were less likely to include factors contributing to inaccurate adverse outcome rates... - Historical perspectiveJ P Mohr
Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
Neurology 62:S3-6. 2004 - Unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations should be treated conservatively: yesChristian Stapf
Department of Neurology, , 2, rue Ambroise Par, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
Stroke 38:3308-9. 2007 - Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular eventsSalim Yusuf
Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
N Engl J Med 359:1225-37. 2008..We evaluated the effects of therapy with an angiotensin-receptor blocker, telmisartan, initiated early after a stroke... - Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent strokeRalph L Sacco
Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
N Engl J Med 359:1238-51. 2008..Recurrent stroke is a frequent, disabling event after ischemic stroke. This study compared the efficacy and safety of two antiplatelet regimens--aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole (ASA-ERDP) versus clopidogrel... - Clinical discriminators between acute brain hemorrhage and infarction: a practical score for early patient identificationAyrton R Massaro
Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Arq Neuropsiquiatr 60:185-91. 2002.... - Thrombin generation in non-cardioembolic stroke subtypes: the Hemostatic System Activation StudyK L Furie
V B K 802, Stroke Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
Neurology 63:777-84. 2004..The Hemostatic System Activation Study (HAS) investigators measured serial levels of prothrombin fragment F1.2, a marker of thrombin generation, in patients enrolled in the Warfarin Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study (WARSS)... - Brain arteriovenous malformations: children and adultsJ P Mohr
Stroke 36:2060-1. 2005 - The ISAT trialJ P Mohr
Lancet 361:431; author reply 432. 2003 - Focal headache during balloon inflation in the vertebral and basilar arteriesF T Nichols
Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912
Headache 33:87-9. 1993..The pattern seen in this patient has been documented in experimental situations, and should be of use in the setting of acute stroke... - Transient ischemic attack--proposal for a new definitionGregory W Albers
Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
N Engl J Med 347:1713-6. 2002 - Patent cardiac foramen ovale: stroke risk and closureJ P Mohr
Ann Intern Med 139:787-8. 2003 - Historical observations on functional reorganizationJ P Mohr
Cerebrovasc Dis 18:258-9. 2004 - Embolic atrial myxoma with neoplastic aneurysm formation and haemorrhage: a diagnostic challengeF J Rodriguez
Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 32:213-6. 2006
Research Grants
- A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA)JP MOHR; Fiscal Year: 2007..The data management and statistical component is laid out in detail in the accompanying ARUBA-STAT proposal. An accompanying Manual of Protocol, including data collection forms, provides details for the implementation of the trial. ..
- NATURAL HISTORY AND TREATMENT OUTCOME IN BRAIN AVMJP MOHR; Fiscal Year: 2005..The results are improving the prediction for short- and long-term outcome for embolization and surgery. ..
- WARFARIN ANTIPLATELET RECURRENT STROKE STUDYJ Mohr; Fiscal Year: 2001..An emergency notification system helps maintain patient safety. Through 24-Oct-1996 1603 patients have been recruited from 49 participating centers toward the 1,920 patient sample size. ..