Carl Hart

..The implications of this situation are multiple, with consequences for scientific research, substance-abuse treatment, and public policy...

..These data demonstrate that money vouchers are a more effective alternative reinforcer than merchandise vouchers in cocaine abusers...

..Zolpidem, given alone or in combination with methamphetamine, did not alleviate most shift-change mood and performance effects...

..Oral Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC; Marinol) is medically available for the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy and for wasting syndromes related to HIV/AIDS. Little is known about its reinforcing effects...

..Thus, our data support the potential of modafinil as a pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence...

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..Therapeutic doses of modafinil attenuated night-shift-associated disruptions, but the larger dose produced some sleep impairments when administered during day-shift work...

..Food intake was unaffected by zolpidem. These data indicate that shift changes produce performance impairments, mood alterations, and decreases in food intake, and that zolpidem attenuates some shift-change-related disruptions...

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..Increased sleepiness while working and sleep disruptions are common complaints among shift workers. Consequently, shift workers may be more susceptible to diminished performance and work-related accidents...

..Together, the data indicate that gabapentin does not show promise as a treatment medication for cocaine dependence...

..Yet, there has been no systematic comparison of repeated doses of oral delta(9)-THC with repeated doses of smoked marijuana in the same individuals...

..To date, no published study has assessed their ability to alter methamphetamine-related discriminative stimulus effects in humans...

..Of interest is the dissociation between methamphetamine plasma concentrations with cardiovascular measures and positive subjective effects, which might have important implications for potential toxicity after repeated doses...

..These data indicate that participants' choice to self-administer marijuana was unaltered by the oral Delta(9)-THC dosing regimen used in the present investigation...

..Previously, we reported that acute marijuana intoxication minimally affected complex cognitive performance of daily marijuana smokers. It is possible that the cognitive tests used were insensitive to marijuana-related cognitive effects...

..Methamphetamine abuse has become increasingly problematic. Yet, the reinforcing effects of methamphetamine in humans have not been systematically evaluated...

..In humans, this medication has not been tested on cannabis reinforcing effects. To date, no medication has been shown to alter cannabis self-administration by humans...

..The results suggest gabapentin may not produce effects sufficiently robust to be clinically useful, at least at this dose regimen...

..Results suggest that modafinil does not have abuse liability in cocaine abusers...

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..Methamphetamine attenuates disruptions that occur after changes in work shifts. The reinforcing effects of the drug during shift work have yet to be characterized...

..This study evaluated the acute effects of intranasal methamphetamine on a computerized task measuring metacognition of agency...

..Declines were most evident in the afternoon. Data suggest that abstinence can unmask cognitive deficits induced by chronic cocaine use and circadian factors may mediate their severity...

..These data are consistent with previous findings that indicated that speed of performance on tests of executive function, but not accuracy, is disrupted in experienced marijuana users during marijuana intoxication...

..In so doing, this study provides a methodological tool and conceptual foundation for studying this ability across substance using populations and developing more effective treatments for substance use disorders...

..Methamphetamine did not produce any negative residual effects on early next-day performance. Future studies should assess methamphetamine-related residual effects following repeated doses administered over consecutive days...

..Most reports of the effects of methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on speech have been anecdotal...

..e., treatment-seekers are more likely to be experiencing some degree of clinical distress), it is notable that treatment-seeking, and not marijuana use per se, is associated with significantly higher rates of depression...

..Only a small percentage of individuals seeking treatment for their marijuana use achieves sustained abstinence, suggesting more treatment options are needed...

..Individuals seeking treatment for their marijuana use rarely achieve sustained abstinence...

..Memantine was not reinforcing and subjective-effects ratings were not altered as a function of dose. Results suggest that these doses of memantine do not have abuse liability in cocaine-dependent individuals...

..We examined the effects of a cash monetary contingency on Gambling task performance in cocaine abusers and control participants...

..Symptoms of marijuana withdrawal include increased irritability, depression and anxiety, and decreased sleep quality. Nefazodone, which is an antidepressant with sedative properties, may attenuate symptoms of marijuana withdrawal...

..This placebo-controlled within-subjects study evaluated marijuana and dronabinol across a range of behaviors: eating topography, mood, cognitive performance, physiologic measures, and sleep...

..Future studies using this laboratory model could test the efficacy of different cognitive strategies and develop targeted interventions for smoking cessation based on the regulation of craving...

..e., "binge", of cocaine use can increment the effects of cocaine, but administering the same cocaine dose maintains, but does not increment the effects of cocaine...

..However, the administration of substances from drug classes with abuse potential to human volunteers raises ethical questions regarding potential risk to study volunteers...

..Although the reduction in cocaine's effects was small, further studies using a longer venlafaxine maintenance period or a larger venlafaxine dose are warranted...

..Divalproex worsened mood and cognitive performance during marijuana abstinence. These data suggest that oral THC, but not divalproex, may be useful in the treatment of marijuana dependence...

..The distinct pattern of effects in methadone-maintained participants suggests baclofen may not be effective in opioid-dependent cocaine users...

..These findings, taken together with the decidedly mixed literature, suggest that amantadine (100 mg bid) will not have a role in the treatment of cocaine dependence...

..The purpose of this study was to compare attentional bias towards cocaine-related verbal stimuli between treatment-seeking and nontreatment-seeking cocaine abusers...

..These findings show that modafinil produced clear reductions in food intake and suggest that future prospective studies should examine the drug in obese participants...

..However, no studies have included adolescent participants. This double-blind laboratory study investigated the tolerability and effects of oral THC in a group of older adolescents with marijuana use disorders...

..Reported here are results of the most extensive study to date on sleep abnormalities during cocaine binge and confirmed abstinence under controlled conditions...

..This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study examined gender differences in response to administration of these drugs alone and in combination...

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..Together, the data from the proposed studies will have substantial public health impact and will serve both educational and public policy functions. ..

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..g., sedatives or stimulants). The data collected will be of public health importance, informing both the public and the business communities as well as public policy directed at reducing drug use by the workforce. ..