Research Topics
Species | Bryan R WilliamsSummaryAffiliation: Cleveland Clinic Foundation Country: USA Publications
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Publications
Immunology. A viral on/off switch for interferonBryan R G Williams
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA
Science 300:1100-1. 2003- Signal integration via PKRB R Williams
The author is in the Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Sci STKE 2001:re2. 2001..Although the conflicts may not be resolved in this review, suggestions are made for experiments that could lead to a clearer understanding of the mechanisms involved... - RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR is required for activation of NF-kappa B by IFN-gamma in a STAT1-independent pathwayA Deb
Department of Cancer Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Immunol 166:6170-80. 2001..There was no activation of NF-kappaB by IFN in PKR-null cells, indicating that PKR is required for IFN-gamma signaling to NF-kappaB... 
Deficient cytokine signaling in mouse embryo fibroblasts with a targeted deletion in the PKR gene: role of IRF-1 and NF-kappaBA Kumar
Department of Cancer Biology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA
EMBO J 16:406-16. 1997..Thus, PKR acts as a signal transducer for IFN-stimulated genes dependent on the transcription factors IRF-1 and NF-kappaB...- NF-kappaB activation by double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) is mediated through NF-kappaB-inducing kinase and IkappaB kinaseM Zamanian-Daryoush
Department of Cancer Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
Mol Cell Biol 20:1278-90. 2000..Taken together, these results demonstrate that PKR-dependent dsRNA induction of NF-kappaB is mediated by NIK and IKK activation... - Negative regulation of CD8+ T cell function by the IFN-induced and double-stranded RNA-activated kinase PKRS Kadereit
Departments of Cancer Biology and Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Immunol 165:6896-901. 2000..These results implicate PKR for the first time in the growth control of mature T lymphocytes and give insight into the negative regulation of CD8(+) T cell-mediated immune responses... - Interferon action in triply deficient mice reveals the existence of alternative antiviral pathwaysA Zhou
The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
Virology 258:435-40. 1999..These results confirm the antiviral functions of RNase L and PKR in vivo but also provide unequivocal evidence for the existence of novel, innate immune pathways against viruses... - The protein kinase PKR is required for p38 MAPK activation and the innate immune response to bacterial endotoxinK C Goh
Department of Cancer Biology NB40, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
EMBO J 19:4292-7. 2000..Our findings indicate, for the first time, that PKR is required for p38 MAPK signaling and plays a potentially important role in the innate response against bacterial endotoxin... - Interferon-alpha-induced phosphorylation and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 is required for the formation of interferon-stimulated gene factor threeV Flati
Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA
EMBO J 15:1566-71. 1996..Thus, cPLA2 activations occurs as an early event in the IFN-alpha response and is selectively involved in ISGF3-dependent gene activation... - Receptor-associated constitutive protein tyrosine phosphatase activity controls the kinase function of JAK1S J Haque
Department of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:8563-8. 1997..Inhibition or deletion of PTP activity results in constitutive activation of cytokine signaling pathways... - Two distinct tumor suppressor loci within chromosome 11p15 implicated in breast cancer progression and metastasisP Karnik
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Hum Mol Genet 7:895-903. 1998..The fine mapping of this intriguing chromosomal region should facilitate the cloning of the target genes and provide critical clues to understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the evolution of adult and childhood cancers... - Protein-tyrosine phosphatase Shp-1 is a negative regulator of IL-4- and IL-13-dependent signal transductionS J Haque
Department of Cancer Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Biol Chem 273:33893-6. 1998..These data clearly implicate Shp-1 in the negative regulation of the IL-4/IL-13-activated Jak-Stat pathway... - Induction of E-selectin expression by double-stranded RNA and TNF-alpha is attenuated in murine aortic endothelial cells derived from double-stranded RNA-activated kinase (PKR)-null miceS K Bandyopadhyay
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Immunol 164:2077-83. 2000.... - How cells respond to interferonsG R Stark
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
Annu Rev Biochem 67:227-64. 1998.... - Identification of critical residues required for suppressor of cytokine signaling-specific regulation of interleukin-4 signalingS J Haque
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute and the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Biol Chem 275:26500-6. 2000..Thus, the Thr-Phe motif in the Pre-SH2 domain plays a critical role in SOCS-3-mediated inhibition of the IL-4-dependent Jak-Stat signaling, likely by regulating the mode of SOCS-Jak interaction... - DRBP76, a double-stranded RNA-binding nuclear protein, is phosphorylated by the interferon-induced protein kinase, PKRR C Patel
Department of Molecular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Biol Chem 274:20432-7. 1999..Finally, purified DRBP76 was shown to be a substrate of PKR in vitro, indicating that this protein's cellular activities may be regulated by PKR-mediated phosphorylation... - In situ expression of the early growth response gene-1 during murine nephrogenesisR R Rackley
Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio, USA
J Urol 154:700-5. 1995..This observation defines a spatial and temporal window during which WT1 competition for EGR-1 DNA binding sites may be involved in regulating EGR-1 expression... - Protein kinase PKR is required for platelet-derived growth factor signaling of c-fos gene expression via Erks and Stat3A Deb
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
EMBO J 20:2487-96. 2001..Taken together, these results establish PKR as an upstream regulator of activation of Stat3 and as a common mediator of both growth-promoting and growth-inhibitory signals... - HIV-I TAT inhibits PKR activity by both RNA-dependent and RNA-independent mechanismsR Cai
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
Arch Biochem Biophys 373:361-7. 2000.... - Genomic features of human PKR: alternative splicing and a polymorphic CGG repeat in the 5'-untranslated regionZ Xu
Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44106, USA
J Interferon Cytokine Res 18:609-16. 1998..Although the human and murine PKR proteins have high homology, comparison of their gene structures reveals divergence in 5'-flanking regions, suggesting distinct regulation at the genomic level... - Functional classification of interferon-stimulated genes identified using microarraysM J de Veer
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
J Leukoc Biol 69:912-20. 2001.... - Regulation of WT1 by phosphorylation: inhibition of DNA binding, alteration of transcriptional activity and cellular translocationY Ye
Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195 5001, USA
EMBO J 15:5606-15. 1996..Accordingly, phosphorylation may play a role in modulating the transcriptional regulatory activity of WT1 through interference with nuclear translocation, as well as by inhibition of WT1 DNA binding... - The B56alpha regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A is a target for regulation by double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKRZ Xu
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
Mol Cell Biol 20:5285-99. 2000..Taken together, our data indicate that PKR can modulate PP2A activity by phosphorylating B56alpha to regulate cellular activities... - PKR; a sentinel kinase for cellular stressB R Williams
Department of Cancer Biology NB40, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, OH 44195, USA
Oncogene 18:6112-20. 1999.... - HIV-1 Tat directly interacts with the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase, PKRN A McMillan
Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
Virology 213:413-24. 1995..The interaction of Tat with PKR provides a potential mechanism by which HIV could suppress the interferon system... - Structure of the double-stranded RNA-binding domain of the protein kinase PKR reveals the molecular basis of its dsRNA-mediated activationS Nanduri
Structural Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
EMBO J 17:5458-65. 1998..The central linker is highly flexible, which may enable the two dsRBMs to wrap around the RNA duplex for cooperative and high-affinity binding, leading to the overall change of PKR conformation and its activation... - Antisense transcripts and protein binding motifs within the Wilms tumour (WT1) locusC E Campbell
Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195
Oncogene 9:583-95. 1994..Interestingly, recombinant WT1, representing the product of zinc finger region of the most abundant of the four alternatively spliced transcripts, is also capable of binding to sequences within this region... 
Interferon-stimulated genes and their protein products: what and how?Ernest C Borden
Cleveland Clinic and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Interferon Cytokine Res 31:1-4. 2011....- Apoptosis and interferons: role of interferon-stimulated genes as mediators of apoptosisM Chawla-Sarkar
Center for Drug Discovery and Development, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Apoptosis 8:237-49. 2003..In vitro IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IFN-gamma induced apoptosis in multiple cell lines of varied histologies. This review will emphasize possible mechanisms and the role of ISGs involved in mediating apoptotic function of IFNs... - Expression of the Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene, VHL, in human fetal kidney and during mouse embryogenesisP M Kessler
Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
Mol Med 1:457-66. 1995..Not only are mutations in this gene responsible for the VHL syndrome, but mutations are also very frequent in sporadic RCC... - Characterization of the solution complex between the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase and HIV-I trans-activating region RNAB W Carpick
Department of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Biol Chem 272:9510-6. 1997..Taken together, these data indicate that the PKR activation complex consists of a protein dimer bound cooperatively to one dsRNA molecule... - Identification and characterization of human beta 2-chimaerin: association with malignant transformation in astrocytomaS Yuan
Brain Tumor Center of the Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
Cancer Res 55:3456-61. 1995..The down-regulation of beta 2-chimaerin expression in the high-grade gliomas suggests that decreased expression of this gene may be a feature of progression in the development of malignant glioma... - Analysis of genes induced by Sendai virus infection of mutant cell lines reveals essential roles of interferon regulatory factor 3, NF-kappaB, and interferon but not toll-like receptor 3Christopher P Elco
Department of Molecular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Virol 79:3920-9. 2005..Thus, IRF-3 can suppress the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes in SeV-infected cells... - Detection of foreign RNA: implications for RNAiMichael J de Veer
Centre for Animal Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Immunol Cell Biol 83:224-8. 2005..With the recent advances in RNAi technology and its first forays into the in vivo setting now coming to light, it is pertinent to review the cellular response to ribonucleic acids typically used in RNAi methods... - TLR4, but not TLR2, mediates IFN-beta-induced STAT1alpha/beta-dependent gene expression in macrophagesVladimir Toshchakov
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
Nat Immunol 3:392-8. 2002..Together, these findings provide the first mechanistic basis for differential patterns of gene expression activated by TLR4 and TLR2 agonists... - Phospholipid scramblase 1 potentiates the antiviral activity of interferonBeihua Dong
Department of Cancer Biology, The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Virol 78:8983-93. 2004..Our results suggest that PLSCR1, which is itself an ISG-encoded protein, provides a mechanism for amplifying and enhancing the IFN response through increased expression of a select subset of potent antiviral genes... - Induction of interferon-stimulated gene expression and antiviral responses require protein deacetylase activityHao-Ming Chang
Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:9578-83. 2004..Requirement for HDAC function in transcriptional activation may represent a general mechanism for rapid stimulation of ISG transcription... - Interferon-inducible antiviral effectorsAnthony J Sadler
Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Nat Rev Immunol 8:559-68. 2008..Ongoing research continues to expose additional activities for these effector proteins and has revealed unanticipated functions of the antiviral response... - Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is downregulated by phorbol esterYan Zhou
Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, OH 44115, USA
FEBS J 272:1568-76. 2005..Furthermore, we also found that proteasome inhibitors prevented PMA-induced down regulation of PKR, indicating that an active proteasome is required. Our results identify a novel mechanism for the post-translational regulation of PKR... - Stability of CXCL-8 and related AU-rich mRNAs in the context of hepatitis C virus replication in vitroJamison Green
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98104-2499, USA
J Infect Dis 193:802-11. 2006..CONCLUSION: The data suggest that increased CXCL-8 gene expression in the context of HCV replication involves posttranscriptional events... - Light controllable siRNAs regulate gene suppression and phenotypes in cellsQuan N Nguyen
Genospectra, Inc, 6519 Dumbarton Circle, Fremont, CA 94555, USA
Biochim Biophys Acta 1758:394-403. 2006..The csiRNAs are comparable to standard siRNAs in their transfection efficiency and potency of gene silencing. This technology should be of interest for phenotypic assays such as cell survival, cell cycle regulation, and cell development... - A structural basis for discriminating between self and nonself double-stranded RNAs in mammalian cellsJoao Trindade Marques
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
Nat Biotechnol 24:559-65. 2006..These findings will enable the rational design of siRNAs that avoid nonspecific effects or, alternatively, that induce bystander effects to potentially increase the efficacy of siRNA-based treatments of viral infections or cancer... - Dynamic flexibility of double-stranded RNA activated PKR in solutionFrank Gabel
Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
J Mol Biol 359:610-23. 2006..The results of this study emphasize the usefulness of low-resolution structural studies in solution on large flexible multiple domain proteins... - Replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts: protein kinase R (PKR)-dependent and PKR-independent mechanisms for controlling HCV RNA replication and mediating interferon activitiesKyung-Soo Chang
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
J Virol 80:7364-74. 2006.... - Dicing with siRNABryan R G Williams
Nat Biotechnol 23:181-2. 2005 - Protein kinase R-dependent regulation of interleukin-10 in response to double-stranded RNAArindam Chakrabarti
Departments of Cancer Biology and Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Biol Chem 283:25132-9. 2008..Together, our data demonstrate the role of PKR in regulating an anti-inflammatory cytokine. The findings have significance in antiviral as well as broader innate immune responses... - Salicylates trigger protein synthesis inhibition in a protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase-dependent mannerAristobolo M Silva
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Biol Chem 282:10164-71. 2007..Thus, salicylates selectively trigger an endoplasmic reticulum stress-responsive signaling pathway initiated through activation of PERK to induce their cellular effects... - Tissue-specific and inducer-specific differential induction of ISG56 and ISG54 in miceFulvia Terenzi
Department of Molecular Genetics NE20, The Lewrnert research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Virol 81:8656-65. 2007..Furthermore, our findings provide the first evidence of a differential pattern of expression of ISG54 and ISG56 genes by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta... - Cystic fibrosis and normal human airway epithelial cell response to influenza a viral infectionWeiling Xu
Department of Pathobiology and Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Interferon Cytokine Res 26:609-27. 2006..Taken together, the lesser antiviral and greater early inflammatory response likely contribute to the severe respiratory illness of CF patients with viral infections... - Involvement of the interferon-regulated antiviral proteins PKR and RNase L in reovirus-induced shutoff of cellular translationJennifer A Smith
Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
J Virol 79:2240-50. 2005..In addition, our results suggest that reovirus has evolved effective mechanisms to avoid the actions of the interferon-stimulated antiviral pathways that include PKR and RNase L and may even benefit from their expression... - Blockade of interferon induction and action by the E3L double-stranded RNA binding proteins of vaccinia virusYing Xiang
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Virol 76:5251-9. 2002..Furthermore, our results indicate the existence of an interferon-mediated antipoxvirus pathway that operates independently of PKR, Mx1, or the 2-5A/RNase L system... - RNase L mediates transient control of the interferon response through modulation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKRKhalid S A Khabar
Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
J Biol Chem 278:20124-32. 2003..These results suggest a role for RNase L in the transient control of the IFN response and possibly of other cytokine and stress responses... - Type I interferon induction pathway, but not released interferon, participates in the maturation of dendritic cells induced by negative-strand RNA virusesCAROLINA B LOPEZ
Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
J Infect Dis 187:1126-36. 2003..It was demonstrated that these pathways have different sensitivities to the presence of viral stimulus... - C114 is a novel IL-11-inducible nuclear double-stranded RNA-binding protein that inhibits protein kinase RZhan Yin
Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 4965, USA
J Biol Chem 278:22838-45. 2003..C) treatment. This is the first demonstration of a novel PKR modulator induced by a gp130 superfamily cytokine that may play a role in cytokine-mediated biological functions... - Impaired innate host defense causes susceptibility to respiratory virus infections in cystic fibrosisShuo Zheng
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Immunity 18:619-30. 2003..NO donor or NOS2 overexpression provides protection from virus infection in CF, suggesting that NO is sufficient for antiviral host defense in the human airway and is one strategy for antiviral therapy in CF children... - TLR2 and TLR4 agonists stimulate unique repertoires of host resistance genes in murine macrophages: interferon-beta-dependent signaling in TLR4-mediated responsesVladimir Toshchakov
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
J Endotoxin Res 9:169-75. 2003.... - Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAsCarol A Sledz
Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, NB40, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
Nat Cell Biol 5:834-9. 2003..Thus, siRNAs have broad and complicating effects beyond the selective silencing of target genes when introduced into cells. This is of critical importance, as siRNAs are currently being explored for their potential therapeutic use... - Limited role of N-terminal phosphoserine residues in the activation of transcription by p53Mark W Jackson
Department of Molecular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Oncogene 23:4477-87. 2004.... - The Wilms tumor suppressor-1 target gene podocalyxin is transcriptionally repressed by p53Patricia Stanhope-Baker
Departments of Cancer Biology and Molecular Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Biol Chem 279:33575-85. 2004..We propose that inappropriate expression of PODXL due to changes in WT1 and/or p53 activity may contribute to Wilms tumorigenesis... - PKR-dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved in translational shutoff during Sindbis virus infectionRodion Gorchakov
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 1019, USA
J Virol 78:8455-67. 2004..Specifically, we show that expression of heterologous genes from SIN-based and most likely other alphavirus-based replicons can be increased by downregulating both the PKR-dependent and PKR-independent translational shutoffs... - Synergistic activation of innate immunity by double-stranded RNA and CpG DNA promotes enhanced antitumor activityMark M Whitmore
Department of Cancer Biology, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
Cancer Res 64:5850-60. 2004..e., dsRNA and CpG DNA, may mimic definitive viral recognition, resulting in an enhanced innate immune response that could be used for tumor vaccination or immunotherapy... - Biochemical analyses of multiple fractions of PKR purified from Escherichia coliZan Xu
Department of Cancer Biology, NB40, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
J Interferon Cytokine Res 24:522-35. 2004..The production of multiple fractions of PKR with different biochemical properties in E. coli suggests that the spectrum of PKR activity and regulation in mammalian cells is likely to be similarly complex... - Interferon-regulated pathways that control hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic miceLuca G Guidotti
Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
J Virol 76:2617-21. 2002..Finally, RNase L(-/-) transgenic mice were undistinguishable from controls under basal conditions and after poly(I-C) or IFN-gamma administration, suggesting that RNase L does not modulate HBV replication in this model...