James M Antonini

..In summary, a modest raise in welding voltage affected fume size and elemental composition and altered the temporal lung toxicity profile...

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..It was concluded that acute inhalation of asphalt fumes at a high concentration had a minimal effect on lung immune responses to infection in rats...

..This article reviews the role that metals play in the pulmonary effects associated with welding fume exposure in workers and laboratory animals...

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..These results are most likely due to differences in metal composition and solubility of the ROFA samples...

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..The potentially more toxic metals (e.g., Mn, Cr) present in the stainless steel fume were cleared from the lungs more quickly than Fe, likely increasing their translocation from the respiratory system to other organs...

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..A more comprehensive in vivo animal study is ongoing in the laboratory that is continuing these experiments to try to elucidate the potential mechanisms that may be involved with welding fume-induced lung disease...

..With the development of this novel system, an animal model has been established using controlled welding exposures to investigate the possible mechanisms by which welding fume may affect the central nervous system...

..Our findings that WF causes persistent bronchiolar and peribronchiolar epithelial changes, suggest a need for studies of bronchiolar changes after WF exposure...

..Additional chronic inhalation studies are needed to further examine the lung effects associated with SS welding fume exposure...

..More chronic inhalation studies are needed to further examine the immune effects and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of the suppressed lung defense response to infection associated with the inhalation of MS welding fume...

..Importantly, increased deposition of Mn, but not other metals, was observed in discrete brain regions, including dopamine-rich areas (e.g., striatum and midbrain)...

..These results suggest that pulmonary exposure to ROFA may alter AM function and lead to increased susceptibility to lung infection in exposed populations...

..These elevations in pulmonary immune response are likely responsible for the increase in pulmonary clearance of L. monocytogenes observed with preexposure to silica...

..The neurofunctional significance of these findings currently is being investigated in longer, more chronic welding fume exposure studies...

..Therefore, an understanding of possible adverse health effects of exposure to welding fumes is essential to risk assessment and the development of prevention strategies and will impact a large population of workers...

..We conclude the pulmonary response evoked in the lung by inhalation of high levels of WC-Co particles is unlikely due to alterations in the F-actin microfilaments of lung-epithelial cells...

..Approximately one million workers worldwide perform welding as part of their work duties. Electric arc welding processes produce metal fumes and gases which may be harmful to exposed workers...

..LSCM, and its associated advanced image analysis and three-dimensional capabilities, is an alternative method to both quickly quantitate and examine fibrotic lung disease without physical disruption of the tissue specimen...

..F344 rats may then represent a sensitive model for the examination of respiratory defense mechanisms after bacterial challenge...

..To examine the lung defense mechanisms of both young and aged rats before and after pulmonary challenge with a bacterial pathogen...

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..Whether such perturbations will lead to PD-like neuropathological manifestations remains to be elucidated...

..Under our exposure conditions, GMA-SS exposure resulted in no significant tumor development in A/J mice...

..This DEP effect may be, at least partially, attributed to the elevated generation of ROS in AM and ATII cells, a depletion of GSH in AM and lymphocytes, and an increase in AM and ATII cell production of NO...

..t. AD treatment are similar to the mechanisms that underlie human AIPT. Therefore these data suggest that investigators should use caution in extrapolating results from animal studies that utilize i.t. administration of AD to human AIPT...

..In summary, rats exposed to zymosan had an increase in acute inflammation, and the altered lymphocyte profiles were consistent with the findings of epidemiology studies...

..Additionally, both the soluble and insoluble fractions of the MMA-SS fume were required to produce most effects, indicating that the responses are not dependent exclusively on the soluble metals...

..The results support the epidemiological observations that exposure to DEP may be responsible for the pulmonary health effects on humans...

..Soluble Ni is likely the primary metal involved in the increased susceptibility to infection observed in rats exposed to the soluble metals of ROFA...

..These results suggest that soluble metals present in ROFA may play a key role in increased susceptibility to pulmonary infection in exposed populations...

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..monocytogenes and an increased susceptibility of the lung to bacterial infection...

..The results suggest that soluble metals in ROFA increase lung injury and inflammation, and alter both innate and adaptive pulmonary immune responses...

..The non-invasive means by which nail clippings can be collected, stored, and transported with relative ease, make it an attractive surrogate for biomonitoring WF exposures in occupational settings...

..particulate forms. ROS generated by ROFA-sol. as measured by ESR appear not to play a major role in the lung injury caused after ROFA exposure...

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..This T-cell immune response was sufficient to allow the Brown Norway rats to clear the bacteria at 7 days postinfection and overcome the down-regulation of the innate immunity by the acute DEP exposure...

..An inhalation exposure chamber located at NIOSH was used to collect the welding fume particles...

..Together, our results demonstrate a direct effect of apoptotic cell accumulation on inflammatory and fibrotic pulmonary responses and the continuous induction of lung cell apoptosis by apoptotic cell instillation...

..DEPs may also suppress cell-mediated immunity by inhibiting AM secretion of IL-12, a key cytokine for the initiation of T helper type 1 cell development in Listeria infection...

..The results also suggest that HO-1 may play an important role in regulating production of IL-10 by DEP-exposed and L. monocytogenes-infected AM...

..In the case of the mouse CBA, a companion measurement is recommended if samples with low concentrations of an analyte are reported and extrapolated below sensitivity or zero...

..Whether these molecular alterations culminate in neurobehavioral and neuropathological deficits reminiscent of PD remains to be ascertained...

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..These results complement epidemiological and functional human studies that suggest welding may result in adverse cardiovascular effects...

..In addition, long-term extrapulmonary tissue alterations in metals in the susceptible A/J mouse suggest that the adverse effects of this fume might be cumulative...

..LSCM could be particularly useful when tissue quantity is limited, such as when tissue has been archived from previous studies, or when analyzing human lung biopsy samples for disease diagnosis, where biochemical analysis is difficult...

..To summarize, non-dispersed TiO₂ nanorods were found to induce radical formation and cellular oxidant production, and to generate transient and reversible pneumotoxic effects, and to not markedly alter pulmonary immune function...

..In conclusion, varying types of welding fumes elicit quantitatively different systemic inflammatory and/or stress responses...

..In summary, MMP activity was upregulated at 40 days of silica exposure and progressively increased during ensuing fibrotic responses. Early expression of stromelysin was found in fibrosing alveolar walls and fibrotic nodules...

..In conclusion, enhanced acute inflammation and pulmonary injury with delayed bacterial clearance after SWCNT exposure may lead to increased susceptibility to lung infection in exposed populations...

..The innate immune response was down-regulated and a Th2 immune response was preferentially induced rather than a Th1 response, the latter being more effective toward the resolution of a L. monocytogenes infection...

..2% of the administered beryllium. These findings demonstrate that following aspiration of pharyngeal deposited particles, exposures to the deep lung are repeatable, technically simple, and highly correlated to the administered dose...

..Whole blood cells, aorta and lung were harvested for global gene expression analysis with subsequent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and confirmatory qRT-PCR. Serum was collected for protein profiling...

..There is also evidence that zymosan is more potent than purified 1-->3-beta-glucan alone. Evidence indicates that 1-->3-beta-glucan is the major inflammatory component in yeast and fungal cell walls...

..abstract:..

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..Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc...

..These particles could induce chronic production of ROS and activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1. Such induction of transcription pathways may be involved in the inflammatory and carcinogenic responses induced by Cr(VI)-containing particles...

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..5-fold greater than the original brand. These results suggest that the consumption of different brands of cigarettes can lead to marked variations in whole-blood cadmium levels...

..Our review ends with a discussion of the data gaps and areas for future research...