K A Phillips

..Additional studies are needed to examine this issue, which may have relevance for other disorders with both delusional and nondelusional variants in DSM...

..Further research is needed to better understand these classification issues, which likely have treatment implications...

..The study's empirical and clinical implications are considered...

..These findings have important implications for the assessment and treatment of these comorbid body image disorders...

..Poorer insight was significantly positively correlated with more severe symptoms of the disorder only in the BDD group...

..The authors developed and evaluated the reliability and validity of the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, a clinician-administered seven-item scale designed to assess delusions across a wide range of psychiatric disorders...

..A greater number of comorbid disorders was associated with greater functional impairment and morbidity in a number of domains. Thus, axis I comorbidity is common in BDD patients and associated with significant functional impairment...

..Research on the pharmacotherapy of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is limited. No placebo-controlled, continuation, maintenance, or discontinuation studies have been published. Only one augmentation study has been published...

..Whereas some of our findings confirm results from earlier studies, others are somewhat inconsistent with previous results and indicate the need for further investigation...

..Receipt of mental health treatment or nonmental health treatment (e.g., surgery, dermatologic treatment) during the follow-up year also did not predict remission from BDD...

..However, the presence of borderline personality disorder is associated with a greater likelihood of receiving, and receiving a greater number of, certain types of somatic and psychosocial treatments...

..Degree of insight at baseline did not predict response to sertraline, i.e., patients with poor insight were just as likely to respond to sertraline as patients with good insight...

..However, no study, to the authors' knowledge, has prospectively examined suicidality in BDD...

..2; 95% CI 2.5-15.5). All but provider specialty were independent predictors of delay. Attention to processes of care delivery for KC may have a greater impact on morbidity than efforts are earlier detection by the public...

..Tanners were more likely than non-tanners to compulsively pick their skin. In conclusion, tanning--a behavior with well-known health risks--is a relatively frequent BDD-related behavior...

..Adolescents with eating disorders were expected to have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and trauma-related symptoms. Trauma-related symptoms were also examined in relation to BDD, in the absence of specific hypotheses...

..This study investigated the course of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a relatively common and severe disorder, in the first prospective follow-up study, to the authors' knowledge...

..3% were much improved. Depressive symptoms, delusionality, functioning and quality of life also significantly improved. Escitalopram was well tolerated. These preliminary data suggest that escitalopram is safe and efficacious for BDD...

..Thus, adolescents with BDD have high levels of distress and rates of functional impairment, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. BDD's clinical features in adolescents appear largely similar to those in adults...

..In this study, we examined gender similarities and differences in the broadest sample in which this topic has been examined...

..Additional studies are needed to elucidate the nature of BDD's relationship to commonly co-occurring disorders, as this issue has important theoretical and clinical implications...

..Twelve percent of the subjects received isotretinoin. Such treatment rarely improved body dysmorphic disorder. Thus, nonpsychiatric medical treatments do not appear effective in its treatment...

..Finally, we discuss treatment approaches that appear efficacious for BDD, with a focus on serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and cognitive-behavioral therapy...

..Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) appear highly comorbid. However, MDD in individuals with BDD has received little investigation...

..The issue of how BDD's delusional variant should be classified in DSM-V is briefly discussed and will be addressed more extensively in a separate article...

..These results suggest that certain aspects of social anxiety, especially social fear and avoidance, may be significant contributing factors to functional impairment in individuals with BDD...

..However, compared with population females, females with BDD were less alert to being ill. These findings suggest that patients with BDD differ from population norms in a number of important aspects of body image...

..quot; These preliminary recommendations must be evaluated in light of recommendations for, and constraints upon, the overall structure of DSM-V...

..Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often severe disorder, but few treatment studies have been conducted...

..In summary, fluoxetine and placebo did not significantly differ with regard to emergence of suicidality. Among the entire sample, fluoxetine appeared to exert a protective effect against suicidality worsening...

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..In conclusion, psychosocial functioning was poor over time, and few subjects attained functional remission. Greater BDD severity predicted poorer functioning...

..Finally, some misconceptions about pharmacotherapy, gaps in knowledge about BDD's treatment, and the need for additional research are discussed...

..Additional research is needed on the relationship of BDD and eating disorders to OCD, including studies that directly compare them to OCD in a variety of domains, including phenomenology, family history, neurobiology, and etiology...

..Research on pharmacotherapy received by individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), a relatively common and impairing disorder, is very limited...

..These findings suggest that the SAS-SR may underestimate social impairment. This underestimation may pertain to other domains of functioning, other disorders, and certain other functioning and quality of life measures...

..In summary, OCD and BDD did not significantly differ on many variables but did have some clinically important differences. These findings have implications for clinicians and for the classification of these disorders...

..In addition, they suggest that treatment should aim at improving functioning and quality of life in addition to relieving symptoms...

..Decrease in the severity of body dysmorphic disorder, as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder, was significantly correlated with improvement in functioning and quality of life...

..All of these symptoms significantly improved with fluvoxamine...

..Little is known about substance use disorders (SUDs) in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Although studies have examined SUD comorbidity in BDD, no previous studies have examined clinical correlates of SUD comorbidity...

..Available data suggest that this disorder may respond to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, no placebo-controlled treatment studies of BDD have been published...

..They may prove more consistent with empirical evidence and ultimately may be shown to better reflect these disorders' pathogenesis. Importantly, they also may be more useful and valid guides for clinical practice...

..In addition, there are no published reports on change in quality of life and multiple domains of psychosocial functioning with pharmacologic treatment for patients with BDD...

..However, placebo-controlled studies of augmentation of SRIs have not been done. Furthermore, although 40%-50% of patients are delusional, studies of antipsychotic medications have not been done...

..Because suicidality in body dys-morphic disorder (BDD) has received little investigation, this study examined rates, correlates, predictors, and other aspects of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in this disorder...

..There were far more similarities than differences between the currently treated and untreated subjects, although the treated subjects displayed better insight and had more comorbidity...

..Although research on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is increasing, no follow-up studies of this disorder's course of illness have been published...

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..14 over the 8 years. In conclusion, among individuals ascertained for anxiety disorders, the probability of recovering from BDD was relatively high and probability of BDD recurrence was low...

..2%). These treatments rarely improved BDD symptoms. Results were similar in children/adolescents. These findings indicate that a majority of patients with BDD receive nonpsychiatric treatment but tend to respond poorly...

..88. CONCLUSIONS: This brief questionnaire was a highly effective screening tool for body dysmorphic disorder in a cosmetic dermatology setting. Use of this questionnaire may help identify patients with this syndrome...

..Cox proportional hazards regression examined predictors of remission and relapse...

..These findings are preliminary and require confirmation in controlled trials. The implications of these findings for other types of delusions requires investigation...

..This paper discusses the relationship between BDD and depression and discusses practical strategies for recognizing and treating BDD and depressive symptoms in patients with depression...

..We determined BDD's prevalence and clinical features on a general adult psychiatric inpatient unit. To our knowledge, only one previous prevalence study has been done in this setting...

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..CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of individuals with BDD reported childhood abuse and neglect. Certain types of abuse and neglect appear modestly associated with BDD symptom severity and with gender, suicidality, and certain disorders...

..The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence and clinical correlates of pathological skin picking (PSP) in a large sample of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)...

..This article reviews current literature on BDD, including the similarities between BDD and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), current assessment and treatment strategies, and implications for clinical practice and future research...

..To determine the clinical correlates of dysmorphic concern in persons seeking cosmetic enhancement from cosmetic physicians...

..Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a relatively common and often-disabling obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder that often goes unrecognized in clinical practice...

..To explore critically whether there is a robust basis for the concept of an obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum of disorders, and if so, which disorders should be included...

..64, P = .18). In summary, these findings, including elevated rates of SP in patients with BDD, highlight a need for additional research on the relationship between BDD and SP...

..Some people are never satisfied with cosmetic interventions, despite good procedural outcomes. Some of these have a psychiatric disorder called "body dysmorphic disorder"...

..To determine the prevalence of weight concerns in individuals with BDD, and to examine similarities and differences between those with and those without weight concerns...

..The purpose of this study is to examine prospectively the relationship between helping behaviors and the likelihood of SUD and BDD remission...

..This investigation assessed the effect of personality disorders (PersDs) on time to remission in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, or panic disorder...

..The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of BDD in a cohort of consecutive outpatients with typical and atypical major depressive disorder...

..The authors conclude that although most people appear satisfied with the outcome of cosmetic surgical procedures, some are not, and attempts should be made to screen for such individuals in cosmetic surgery settings...

..the comparison group. Findings with respect to the caudate nucleus are consistent with both the conceptualization of BDD as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, and the 'striatal topography model' of obsessive-compulsive disorders...