M W Ross

..We argue that commercial sex work should be considered as an occupation overdue for interventions to reduce workplace risks and enhance worker safety...

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..These data indicate that the structure of IH in gay and bisexual men in East Africa is congruent with that in equivalent western samples and that the IH scale is cross-culturally robust...

..These data suggest that relatively brief situationally focused individual interventions are effective in military and West African contexts in reducing HIV/STD risk behaviors...

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..These data suggest that the Internet is not yet a major source of STIs in Swedish men and women. Given these STI histories, the Internet may be a useful medium to include in STI prevention efforts...

..Such men may rationalize this cybersex with other men as not, or minimally, sexual in much the same way as Humphreys characterized MSMs in public restrooms...

..Comparison of internet data with random survey data in other western countries should occur to determine if these patterns are replicated...

..These data suggest that environmental factors can be approximated using the Sitpres methodology, and that more proximal environmental variables have a stronger impact than distal ones...

..Based on peer educator reports, we projected that peer educators (N = 257) may have as many as 84,000 or more annual opportunities to share HIV-related knowledge with other prisoners outside the classroom...

..These data confirm that heroin injecting is well established in large cities in east Africa, and that HIV prevention in the region must now include drug injectors and other drug users...

..No significant relationships between masculinity, femininity and sexual orientation were found. Implications for counseling people with concerns about sexual orientation and sex of partner are discussed...

..Finally, the importance of the internet as a medium for the exploration of human sexuality and as an opportunity to illuminate previously challenging areas of sexual research is discussed...

..Previous exposure to interventions must be a critical covariate in assessing the impact of future interventions...

..The fact that there appear to be few systematic demographic or Internet use biases in dropouts suggests that the completers do not represent a seriously skewed sample of those Latinos who commence the Internet survey...

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..Data suggest that HIV misrepresentation occurred for 20% of men and was lower than other forms of misrepresentation. Implications for HIV prevention are discussed, along with the concept of levels of accuracy in internet communications...

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..Sample characteristics and biases in each method are described, and conclusions drawn for the relative efficacy of each method for gonorrhoea behavioural surveillance...

..This approach to prisoner health education should result in increased health literacy and emancipation, which prisoners can later diffuse within their communities of origin...

..These data suggest that control of crack cocaine may have an impact on syphilis rates and that there may be close relationships between some STDs and drug abuse...

..These data provide information on the demographic, sexual and mental health variables associated with IH. They offer an indication of the paths through which IH is associated with serodiscordant risk behavior in HIV-positive MSM...

..These data suggest that racial/ethnic targeting of condom use is likely to be most efficacious in increasing condom use in men...

..To examine the association between condom use and frequency of sex across sexual partner types...

..Syphilis was associated with a history of STDs. High prevalences of STDs among drug abusers indicate the need for integration of STD screening and treatment into drug treatment programs...

..Implications of this research are that interventions for increasing condom use in drug users may target behavioral steps differently for males and females...

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..We hypothesize that in a high-risk environment, people exert more effort in protecting those they feel closer to. These data suggest a need to further explore the complex relationship between emotional intimacy and condom use...

..We discuss the implications of the Internet for MSM and for sexual IRL interactions in the Internet age...

..These findings are important in determining the "cultural novelties" relative to crack and codeine use among younger African Americans...

..In sum, consistent condom use was rare. A partner's attitudes and the participants' own situational self-efficacy expectations, rather than intimacy, determined the readiness to adopt consistent condom use...

..Sexual behavior in association with drugs in Western societies is important for its role in the spread of sexually transmissible pathogens, as well as injection-related pathogens...

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..This study investigated the impact of a small media campaign to reduce syphilis through testing, treatment, and condom use in two urban predominantly African-American communities with high syphilis rates...

..Our findings suggest that the relative benefit of partner notification over selective screening depends on prophylactic treatment and an increase in worker productivity...

..Therefore, HIV prevention interventions targeted at NMP need to include multiple factors that may affect risk perception regardless of the educational status of the participants...

..It is concluded that situational presentations may offer additional explanatory power in public health and a means for intervening at a situational level...

..The findings support the belief held by professionals in the criminal justice field that a significant number of incarcerated males may have been victims of sexual abuse...

..The aim of this study was to compare patterns of drug use and dependence between homosexually experienced and exclusively heterosexually experienced individuals...

..Further studies using the complete TMSC are recommended...

..In the past 30 days they reported an average of 56 male partners and 5 female partners. Of the 179 men, 152 had been tested for HIV and knew their status. Twenty-six percent of those tested had tested positive...

..Brief interventions to reduce the HIV risks are acceptable to MSWs and are efficacious for reducing unprotected anal sex during paid sexual encounters...

..Despite differences in sociodemographic, drug use, and sexual behaviors by gender, both male and female injectors in Dar es Salaam exhibit elevated risk of HIV infection associated with drug use...

..These differences suggest that interventions should address self-esteem, risk-taking practices, depression and anxiety as well as other psychosocial factors...

..Geographic distance is an indicator of recent adoption of IDU in neighborhoods and correlates strongly with the distribution of syringes containing HIV-positive blood residue...

..Internalized homo-negativity, not homosexuality, appears associated with negative health outcomes. Providers should promote sexual health and avoid interventions that reinforce internalized homo-negativity...

..Efforts should be made in future studies to better capture the complexities of concurrent partnering and to examine the implications of these for disease spread and control...

..These data suggest that drug users generally, and crack-using populations in particular, in drug treatment programmes should be routinely screened for STIs as an integral part of drug treatment...

..Presented here are U.S. data on the public health dimensions of human sexuality and the evidence for the urgent need to address the magnitude of sexually related public health problems...

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..There is a discrepancy between self-reported sexual identity and sexual behavior. The magnitude of this discrepancy is unclear, as is its variation across race/ethnicity and gender...

..Flashblood is a syringe-full of blood passed from someone who has just injected heroin to someone else who injects it in lieu of heroin...

..More research focusing on the differential impact of a coercive sexual experience on males and females is crucial...

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..The findings also highlight the importance of targeting adolescents who attend alternative schools...

..The factors associated with increased risk of HIV infection suggest further research is needed on the needle use and sexual networks of IDUs...

..Further work is needed to validate a path from IH and high-risk sex that incorporates drug or alcohol use...

..Despite the small sample size, this study found that many drug-using MSWs spatially bridge sexual networks in cities where they trade sex for money...

..The Sitpres methodology was successfully used by these crack users and data indicated that it was sexual variables, rather than drug-associated variables, that were significantly associated with condom use...

..Programmes that aim to promote safer-sex negotiation and practices for this population may need to address the influence of gender relations and power...

..To quantify expressed stigma in clients of the Kangemi program for HIV+ children, and to characterize the association between stigma and other population characteristics...

..11, p < or = 0.05), and codeine (syrup) use (OR = 8.10, p < or = 0.05). These findings are important in determining the "cultural novelties" relative to crack and fry use among younger African Americans...

..The model correctly classified 80% of cases overall. Future studies are required to ascertain whether these results would obtain with a statistically adequate sample size...

..1%), a lack of awareness about vertical transmission (16.3% of women; 29.9% of men), and discouraging scores on an HIV stigma perception scale, suggest that a targeted campaign to raise awareness in this population is warranted...

..This has important implications for future interventions designed for health care professionals including doctors, nurses and laboratory workers...

..However, there were significant differences between the responses of male and female adolescents...

..These data indicate that it is the stressors of AIDS volunteering, including the intensity of depersonalization, which lead to dropout, and that rewards do not appear to have a protective effect...

..We found significant associations between less expressed stigma and greater care/support knowledge. Our results have implications for interventions that reduce expressed stigma and/or improve quality of care...

..These data describe the measurement of empathy in dental providers dealing with people with HIV/AIDS and changes in the themes and levels of empathy following an HIV/AIDS training session...

..Moreover, these findings suggest that they will continue to take antiretroviral medications even if they have doubts about the effectiveness of these medications...

..These data suggest that the Internet may be a useful place to reach younger and bisexual men, and those who make sexual assignations, with HIV/STD preventive messages, often before they have publicly come out...

..These data suggest that the two recruiting methods are largely comparable in respondent characteristics, but that e-mail respondents are likely to be more isolated and at higher HIV risk than chat room participants...

..546; p = .015). The sexual health seminars appear a promising new intervention at significantly reducing unprotected anal intercourse between men...

..These data strongly suggest that concentration on narrow targeting of misinformation common in particular minority populations is important in the development of HIV/AIDS prevention programs...

..This study provides evidence that socio-psychological factors must be addressed along with risky behaviours to promote women's well-being and social integration...

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..Strategies promoting minority participant recruitment, minimizing attrition, validating participants, and compensating participants are discussed. Throughout, the implications on budget and realistic timetabling are identified...

..These results on knowledge indicate that education about HIV/AIDS should be incorporated in the curriculum and interventions must be taken by public health professionals to avoid poor treatment outcomes...

..Data suggest that health beliefs may vary across type of adherence and that adherence behaviours may be a coping strategy to adjust antiretroviral therapy to one's daily living...

..The results suggest that using the Internet to find sex partners may be less hazardous for the general Internet users than pointed out by prior research about this behavior often focusing on specific sub groups of Internet users...

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..The level of condom education was very low (14%); however consistent condom use (all the time) with clients was relatively high (49.6%). Two hundred seventy-seven of the participants did not use condoms all the time...

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..To elucidate behavioral determinants of handwashing among nurses...

..The psychological factors found to be associated with the index may imply a number of mental-health-related interventions to improve adherence, which deserve further exploration...

..The principal investigator is based in Houston, Texas (USA) and the collaborators are based in Cape Town (South Africa), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), and London (UK). ..