D Nieman

..163). In conclusion, ibuprofen use compared to nonuse by athletes competing in a 160-km race did not alter muscle damage or soreness, and was related to elevated indicators of endotoxemia and inflammation...

..5+/-0.7 y) who had qualified to run the 160-km 2003 Western States Endurance Run...

..This validation study indicates that the CPET mixing chamber system provides valid metabolic measurements that compare closely with the Douglas bag system during aerobic exercise...

..These data support a notable gender difference in arterial stiffness following a 2-h bout of running...

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..OBJECTIVE/SETTING: This study assessed the effectiveness of milled and whole chia seed in altering disease risk factors in overweight, postmenopausal women using a metabolomics approach...

..Aside from higher dopamine in BAN, shifts in metabolites following BAN and CHO 75-km cycling time trials indicated a similar pattern of heightened production of glutathione and utilization of fuel substrates in several pathways...

..51, P=0.004, and r=0.46, P=0.011, respectively). In summary, variance in exercise-induced inflammation and innate immunity in male cyclists in response to 2 h of endurance exercise is best explained by exercise intensity...

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..579, r = 0.97, mean +/- SD absolute difference 5.81 +/- 80.70 kcal/day). These data indicate that the FitMate is a reliable and valid system for measuring oxygen consumption and RMR in adults...

..Animal research indicates that other nutritional components such as beta-glucan, quercetin, and curcumin warrant human investigations to determine if they are effective countermeasures to exercise-induced immune dysfunction...

..Results from these studies indicate that immunonutrition supplements have the potential to lessen the magnitude of exercise-induced perturbations in immune function and to reduce the risk of upper respiratory tract infections...

..To study the effect of carbohydrate compared to placebo ingestion on plasma cytokines and muscle cytokine mRNA following 2.5 h of intensive cycling in 15 trained cyclists...

..NSAID users did not experience a reduction in muscle damage or DOMS, but did have higher post-race plasma levels in five of seven cytokines...

..In conclusion, immune changes induced by 2 h of intense and prolonged exercise paralleled those measured when athletes rested 3 min every 10 min of exercise...

..Other countermeasures, such as glutamine, antioxidant supplements and ibuprofen, have had disappointing results and thus the search for companion agents to carbohydrate continues...

..Quercetin did not, however, influence any of the muscle measures, including NF-kappaB content, cytokine mRNA, or COX-2 mRNA expression across a 3-day intensified exercise period...

..This study investigated the influence of 2-months ingestion of an "immune" nutrient fortified breakfast cereal on immune function and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in healthy children during the winter season...

..The purpose of this study was to monitor URTI symptoms and severity in a heterogeneous group of community adults and contrast across tertiles of physical activity and fitness levels while adjusting for potential confounders...

..2 +/- 0.4 yr, VO2max = 46.3 +/- 1.2 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1))...

..In conclusion, ingestion of 50 g/d CS vs P for 12 weeks by overweight/obese men and women had no influence on body mass or composition, or various disease risk factor measures...

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..To investigate the effects of quercetin supplementation on incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and exercise-induced changes in immune function...

..To measure the influence of vitamin E ingestion on oxidative stress and immune changes in response to the Triathlon World Championship in Kona, Hawaii...

..Pla ingestion did not alter modest increases measured for plasma IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra, and IL-8, and muscle gene expression for IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in strength-trained subjects lifting weights intensively for 2 h...

..The purpose of this study was to test a new handheld device, the BodyGem (HealtheTech Inc., Golden, CO), that measures resting metabolic rate (RMR)...

..Although some concerns have been raised about the nutrient status of vegetarian athletes, a varied and well-planned vegetarian diet is compatible with successful athletic endeavor...

..063). CHO compared with Pla beverage ingestion attenuates the increase in plasma IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1ra and gene expression for IL-6 and IL-8 in athletes running 3 h at 70% Vo(2 max) despite no differences in muscle glycogen content...

..19 to 5.44 MJ or 1200 to 1300 kcal/day) on psychological general well-being (GWB) and profile of mood states (POMS) was studied in obese women (n = 91, age 45.6 +/- 1.1 years, body mass index 33.1 +/- 0.6 kg/m2)...

..This study was designed to measure the influence of diet, exercise or both on serum lipids and lipoproteins in obese women...

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..No consistent relationship between nutritional interventions, exercise immunology, and alteration in URTI risk has yet been established...

..These increases were attenuated in runners ingesting 1500 mg but not 500 mg vitamin C supplements for 1 week prior to the race and on race day...

..To measure the relationship of skinfold sum and peak VO(2) power with immune function in children...

..These data indicate that vitamin C supplementation in carbohydrate-fed runners does not serve as a countermeasure to oxidative and immune changes during or after a competitive ultramarathon race...

..Carbohydrate ingestion, however, had a major effect in attenuating increases in cortisol and two anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and IL-1ra...

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..11, p = 0.293). In conclusion, the output of sIgA decreased in runners following a competitive marathon, and this was not influenced by carbohydrate ingestion, age, or gender...

..79, P = 0.015], but not natural killer cell activity following 2.5 h of intensive running...

..Some attempts have been made through chemical or nutritional means (e.g., indomethacin, glutamine, vitamin C, and carbohydrate supplementation) to attenuate immune changes following intensive exercise to lower the risk of infection...

..No convincing data exist that moderate exercise training is linked with improved T helper cell counts in patients with HIV, or enhanced immunity in elderly participants...

..The clinical significance of these carbohydrate-induced effects on the endocrine and immune systems awaits further research...

..About one in four ultramarathoners reported URTI during the two-week period post-race, and a low sIgA secretion rate mid-race best predicted URTI occurrence...

..13, P = 0.001) and monocytes (F[14, 112] = 4.78, P = 0.001), but not on blood granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis or oxidative burst activity after 2.5 h of intensive running...

..Carbohydrate compared to placebo ingestion attenuated the moderate rise in blood neutrophil counts, but had slight or no effects on other immune parameters...

..6 +/- 1.1 yr, body mass index 33.1 +/- 0.6 kg x m(-2)) randomized to one of four groups: control (C), exercise (E), diet (D), exercise, and diet (ED)...

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..Based upon these findings, caution should be used when consuming nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during ultra distance events...

..The decrease in muscle glycogen was not different. During cycling exercise, oxidative stress appears to be heavily influenced by carbohydrate ingestion and increased stress hormones...

..This pattern was identical in the C condition (21). Oxidative stress during cycling was unaffected by use of short rest intervals but was diminished by CHO...

..This decrease occurred in both younger and older runners and was not influenced by carbohydrate...

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..50, P=0.006). These data indicate that vitamin C supplementation in carbohydrate-fed runners does not serve as a countermeasure to oxidative and sIgA changes during or following a competitive ultramarathon race...

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..4 mL/min and 124 kcal/d, respectively. In conclusion, these data indicate that the MedGem is a reliable and valid system for measuring oxygen consumption and RMR in children...

..05). Carbohydrate supplementation exerted no attenuating effect on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during resistance training...

..In summary, quercetin supplementation over 12 weeks in doses of 500 mg or 1000 mg/day significantly increased plasma quercetin levels, but had no influence on several measures of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity...

..The present investigation was conducted to validate the OMNI ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale during prolonged cycle exercise when subjects were supplemented with either carbohydrate or placebo...

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..The Children's OMNI-walk/run Scale of Perceived Exertion (category range, 0-10) was evaluated using male and female children (6-13 yr of age) during a treadmill graded exercise test...

..039). This study indicates that prolonged large doses of alpha-tocopherol supplementation did not affect plasma Hcy concentrations and exhibited pro-oxidant characteristics in highly trained athletes during exhaustive exercise...

..668). Despite an attenuation in the cortisol response, carbohydrate compared to placebo ingestion does not counter the increase in oxidative stress or modulate plasma antioxidant potential in athletes running 3 h at 70% VO2(max)...

..Concurrent and construct validity of the OMNI-Walk/Run Scale of Perceived Exertion was examined using young adult women and men (18-36 yr)...

..Therefore, during competitive self-paced exercise the perceptual responses may be mediated through other neurological and physiological mechanisms...

..The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between carbohydrate energy substrate and hormonal regulation on the perception of exertion during prolonged running...

..F(2)-isoprostanes were unaffected by exercise. These results indicate that exhaustive resistance exercise and carbohydrate ingestion have no effect on oxidative stress or plasma antioxidant potential in trained subjects...

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..120. These data indicate that perception of exertion is similar during prolonged intermittent and continuous exercise when performed at the same relative intensities throughout 90 min. of exercise...

..Oxidative stress was examined with use (N = 29) or nonuse (N = 25) of ibuprofen in ultramarathoners after the Western States Endurance Run...

..This suggests that the positive effect of carbohydrate supplementation on endurance performance may be through the maintenance of metabolic efficiency...

..To measure several components of immune changes related to walking 30 min with or without an exercise assist device compared with sitting...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on differentiated and undifferentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during prolonged intermittent exercise and recovery...

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..To determine the effects of ibuprofen on serum electrolyte concentrations after a 160 km running race...

..Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) did not increase in a linear fashion but instead fluctuated nonmonotonically throughout the self-paced endurance running event...

..mRNA expression was high enough to indicate a substantial contribution of blood leukocytes to plasma levels of IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1Ra during prolonged exercise...

..The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of carbohydrate substrate availability on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and hormonal regulation during a competitive marathon...

..Thus, it is plausible to use WBV as a method for acute increase in muscle force output for athletes immediately before competition...

..A reduction in URTI total sick days and severity was noted in middle aged and older subjects ingesting 1000 mg quercetin/day for 12 weeks who rated themselves as physically fit...

..23 +/- 0.91 ml.kg-1.min-1 or 14.2 +/- 67.5 ml.min-1. In conclusion, the FitMate metabolic system accurately measures oxygen consumption during graded treadmill exercise when compared with the Douglas bag system in male and female adults...

..Convincing evidence that so-called 'immune-boosting' supplements, including high doses of antioxidant vitamins, glutamine, zinc, probiotics and Echinacea, prevent exercise-induced immune impairment is currently lacking...